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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

the skeletal system includes

A

bones of the skeleton
cartilages
ligaments
other connective tissues

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2
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

function of the skeletal system

A

structural support
storage of minerals and lipids
blood cell production
protection and leverage

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3
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

categories of bones (shapes)

A 
long
short
irregular
flat
sesamoid
sutural (wormian)
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4
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

a typical long bone has

A 
diaphysis
epiphyses
metaphyses
articular cartilages
marrow cavity
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5
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

diaphysis

A

the shaft of the bone

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6
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

epiphyses

A

head of the bone, this is where the growth plate is found

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7
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

metaphysys

A

referred to as the neck of the bone

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8
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

articular cartialage

A

the region of the bone that articulates with another bone forming a joint

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9
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

marrow cavity

A

center cavity of the bone and is composed of soft marrow

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10
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

where does blood cell production occur

A

marrow cavity

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11
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

what are the two types f bone

A

compact (dense)

spongy (cancellous)

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12
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

the marrow cavity and spaces within spongy bone contain two types of _________

A

bone marrow

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13
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

two types of bone marrow

A

yellow (lipid storage)

red (blood cell formation)

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14
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

________ is a supporting connective tissue with a solid matrix

A

osseous tissue

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15
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

the ________ is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts

A

bone matrix

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16
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

the bone matrix consists of

A

largely of crystals of hydroxyapatite (formed when calcium phosophate interacts with calcium hydroxide)

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17
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

______ are mature bone cells that account for most of the cell population

A

osteocytes

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18
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

each osteocyte occupies a

A

lacuna

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19
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

lacuna

A

a pocket sandwiched between layers of matrix

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20
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

layers of matrix are called

A

lamellae

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21
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

function of osteocytes

A

maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix

also can participate in the repair of damaged bone

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22
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

osteoblasts synthesize the bony matrix in a process called

A

osteogenesis

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23
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

bone contains small numbers of mesenchymal cells called

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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24
Q

Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

osteoprogenitor cells function

A

divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

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25
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure ________ giant cells with 50 or more nuclei
osteoclasts
26
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure osteoclasts dissolve the bony matrix through
osteolysis or resorption
27
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure osteoclasts are always _______ matrix and osteoblasts are always _________
removing | adding it
28
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure basic functional unit of compact bone
osteon
29
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure the osteon contains
osteocytes
30
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure the osteocytes are arranged around a
central canal
31
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure ______ are layers of calcified matrix
lamellae
32
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure _______ within and between lamellae interconnect the
canaliculi
33
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure spongy bone contains
trabeculae (struts and plates) in an open network
34
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure _______ is located where stresses come from a limited range of directions
compact bone
35
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure ______ is located where stresses are few or come from many directions
spongy bone
36
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure a bone is covered by a
periosteum
37
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure a bone is lined with
endosteum
38
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure the _______ has a fibrous outer layer and a cellular layer
periosteum
39
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure function of periosteum
isolates the bone from surrounding tissues provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply actively participates in bone growth and repair
40
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure what does the endosteum contain
incomplete cellular layer line | marrow cavity
41
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure what does the endosteum cover
the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals
42
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure function of endosteum
bone growth, repair, and remodeling
43
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure what is the process of convertnig other tissue to bone
ossification
44
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure what is process of depositing calcium salts within a tissue
calcification
45
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure what begins when osteoblasts differentiate with connective tissue
intramembranous ossification
46
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure intramembranous ossification can form
spongy or compact bone
47
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure intramembranous ossificaiton begins at
ossification center
48
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure ________ begins by forming a cartilage model that is gradually replaced by bone at the metaphysis.
endochondral ossification
49
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure endochondral ossification ______ bone
lengthens
50
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure bone diameter increases by
appositional growth
51
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure _____ major sets of blood vessels provide an extensive supply of blood to bone
three
52
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure the organic and mineral compenents of bone are continously receylced and renewed through
remodeling
53
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure normal osteogensis requires a reliable source of
minerals, vitamins, and hormones
54
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure _____ and ______ stimulate bone growth
growth hormone | thyroxine
55
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure the _______ is the body's largest source of calcium as a reserve
skeleton
56
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure what is most common mineral in body
calcium
57
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure what percentage of calcium is located in skeleton
99%
58
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure interactions among the _______, ________, and _____ affect the calcium ion concentration
bones intestinal tract kidneys
59
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure two hormones, ____ and ______ regulate calcium ion homeostasis
``` calcitonin parathyroid hormone (PTH) ```
60
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure function of PTH
increases calcium concentration in the blood | activated osteoclasts in bone
61
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure what secretes PTH
parathyroid gland
62
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure what leads to a decline in calcium concentration in the blood
calcitonin
63
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure calcitonin shuts off _____ in the bone
osteoclasts
64
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure fracture
crack or break in a bone
65
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure the repair of a fracture involves the formation of a
fracture hematoma external callus internal callus
66
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure fractures are classified according to their
external appearance location nature of the the crack/break in bone
67
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure completely internal fracture
closed or simple
68
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure fracture projects through the skin and are more dangerous than closed fractures due to the possibility of uncontrolled bleeding
open or compound
69
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure fracture that occurs at the ankle and affects both bones of the leg
Pott's
70
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure fracture that shatters the affected area into a multitude of bony fragments
comminuted fracture
71
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure fractures that break a shaft bone across its long axis
transverse
72
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure fracture produced by twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone
spiral
73
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure fractures that produce new and abnormal bone arrangements; nondisplaced fractures retain the normal alignment of the bone or fragments
displaced
74
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure fracture that is a break in the distal portion of the radius, is typically the result of reaching out to break a fall
Colle's
75
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure fracture where one side of the shaft is broken and the other is bent. Generally occurs in children
greenstick
76
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure fractures (like on femur) tend to occur where the bone matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying
epiphyseal
77
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure what type of fracture can permanently stop growth at the site if not treated correctly
fractures between epiphysis and epiphyseal cartilage
78
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure fracture that occurs in vertebrae subjected to extreme features
compression
79
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure each bone has features in
externally and internally
80
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure process
any projection or bump
81
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure ramus
extension of a bone marking an angle to the rest of the structure
82
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure trochanter
large rough projection
83
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure tuberosity
smaller rough projection
84
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure tubercle
small rounded projection
85
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure crest
prominent ridge
86
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure line
low ridge
87
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure spine
pointed process
88
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure head
expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by the neck
89
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure neck
narrow connection between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
90
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure condyle
smooth rounded articular process
91
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure trochlea
smooth grooved articular process shaped like a pulley
92
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure facet
small flat articular surface
93
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure fossa
shallow depression
94
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure sulcus
narrow groove
95
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure foramen
rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves
96
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure canal
large diameter passageway through the substance of a bone
97
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure fissure
elongated cleft
98
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure sinus or antrum
chamber within a bone, normally filled with air
99
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure condition with low growth hormone levels, reduces the activity at the bones growth plates. it results in abnormally short bones
pituitary swarfism
100
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure condition casued by an over production of GH before puberty, results in larger than normal bone sieze
gigantism
101
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure condition where an over production of GH after the growth plates close. It results in teh formation of bones with a greater density. The bones do not grow larger in size, just in density
Acromegaly
102
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure Condition caused by increased cartilage production at the growth plates. This causes the person to be very tall and skinny in appearance.
Marfan's Syndrome
103
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure reduction in bone mass
osteopnia
104
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure the continued reduction of bone mass to the point that it interferes with the normal function of the bone.
osteoporosis
105
# Chapter 6 - Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure the pathological reduction in bone mass
osetoporosis

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