Chapter 24 - Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what are other names of the digestive system
A
digestive tract
gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)
alimentary tract
2
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
organs of dig system are collectively called
A
accessory organs
3
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what are the accessory organs
A
glands teeth liver gallbladder pancreas appendix
4
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
overall functions of dig sys
A
absorption
energy
affecting temperature
exocrine function
5
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what does dig sys absorb
A
nutrients vitamins minerals water drugs/medication
6
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what energy is associated with dig sys
A
ATP, fats, protein
7
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
ATP via ________ is absorbed
A
carbohydrated
8
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
how does dig sys affect temperature
A
cold/hot drinks
9
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
mouth to anus
A
alimentary canal
10
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
route food takes in alimentary canal
A
mouth pharynx (oro-) esophagus stomach small intestines large intestines (colon) rectum anus
11
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
when food starts in the mouth it becomes
A
bolus
12
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
bolus goes through ________ and arrives at the stomach
A
segmentation
13
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
when bolus leaves stomach it becomes ________
A
chime
14
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________ is smooth muscle contraction that moves the bolus and chime throughout the tract
A
peristalsis
15
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the ________ contains the visceral and parietal
A
peritoneum
16
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the ________ aligns organs
A
visceral
17
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the ________ aligns cavities
A
parietal
18
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________ attach to the abdominal organs
A
mesenteries
19
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
the mesenteries are double sheets of
A
peritoneal membrane
20
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________ covers the surface of the intestines anteriorly
A
greater omentum
21
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
greater omentum is
A
fatty skin
22
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________ stabilizes the stomach
A
lesser omentum
23
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
________ is a sheet in back that’s attack to colon
A
mesocolon
24
Q
Chapter 24 - Digestive System
how many layers of tissue in alimentary canal
A
4
25
# Chapter 24 - Digestive System
what are layers of alimentary canal tissue
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
26
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are the layers consistent throughout the canal
no
27
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what is the surface layer of canal tissue
mucosa
28
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the ________ contains the musclaris mucosa
lamina propria
29
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muscularis mucosa includes inner and outer
muscles
30
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inner muscles are
circular
31
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outer muscles are
longitudinal
32
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the ________ tends to be innervated
submucosa
33
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________ are found in the submucosa
submucosal plexus
34
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another name for submucosal plexus
Meissner's plexus
35
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externa musclaris contains
inner and outer muscles
36
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the externa musclaris is innervated with
myenteric plexus
37
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another name for myenteric plexus
plexus of Auerbach
38
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serosa is called ________ in oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and rectum
adventitia
39
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oral cavity also called
buccal cavity
40
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oral cavity consists of
lips
gums
uvula
fauces
41
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________= lips
labia
42
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________=gums
gingival
43
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________ helps prevent food from prematurely entering the pharynx
uvula
44
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what are fauces
passageways between mouth and oropharynx
45
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________=tongue
glossa
46
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types of muscle in tongue
intrinsic
| extrinsic
47
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tongue has ________ and ________
body
| root
48
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what connects tongue to floor of oral cavity
frenulum
49
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what is frenulum made of
thin fold of mucous membrane
50
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what cranial nerves are associated with tongut
hypoglossal NXII
facial NVII
glossopharyngeal NIX
51
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what does hypoglossal nerve do
muscle movement
52
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what does glossopharyngeal nerve do
taste
53
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list of salivary glands
sublingual
submandibular
parotid
54
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what does sublingual salivary gland do
buffer and lubricate
55
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what % of saliva is sublingual
5%
56
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function of submandibular salivary gland
nucins & salivary amylase
57
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what is % of saliva is submandibular
70%
58
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what is function of parotid salivary gland
salivary amylase
59
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what % of saliva is parotid
25%
60
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saliva consists of ________ water
99.4%
61
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.6% of saliva is
mucins/buffers
IgA
lysozymes
62
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________ is an enzyme which breaks down some carbohydrates
salivary amylase
63
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What targets salivary glands, especially the parotid
mumps
64
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which enzyme has defensive qualities
lysozyme
65
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________= permanent teeth
secondary dentition
66
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how many adult permanent teet
32
67
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________= primary dentition
deciduous
68
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children have ________ deciduous teet
20
69
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teeth include:
incisors
cuspids
bicupsids
molars
70
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incisors=
bladed
71
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cuspids=
canines
72
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bicuspids=
premolars
73
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molars=
crush and grind
74
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parts of tooth
crown
neck
root
75
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crown of tooth contains
enamel
dentin
pulp
76
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neck of tooth surrounded by
gingival
77
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root of tooth contains
root canal
cementum
peridontal ligament
78
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chewing is called
mastication
79
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parts of the pharynx involved with dig sys
oropharynx
| laryngopharynx
80
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pharynx is aligned with ________muscles
constrictor
81
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what sends bolus to esophagus
constrictor muscles
82
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length of esophagus
1 ft
83
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diameter of esophagus
2 cm
84
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location of esophagus
posterior of cricoid cartilage to about C6
85
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________ is an opening in the diaphragm allowing esophagus to pass through
sophageal hiatus
86
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protrusion through diaphragm at hiatus
hiatal hernia
87
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esophagus contains
upper and lower esophageal sphincter muscles
88
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what do esophageal sphincter muscles do
controls amount of bolus passes through
89
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________ is condition where have trouble with closing of sphincter in esophagus
GERD or acid reflux
90
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________ = swallowing
deglutition
91
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phases of deglutition
buccal
pharyngeal
esophageal
92
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where is swallowing reflex stimulated
pharygneal phase
93
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where is control of swallowing
medulla oblongata
94
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primary peristalsis occurs via
vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves
95
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secondary peristalsis occurs where
locally
96
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when would secondary peristalsis occur
dryness or poor lubrication
97
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stomach functions include
food storage during meal
mechanical breakdown of food during churning
chemical breakdown of food
intrinsic facotr
98
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how does stomach break food down chemically
pH (HCL)
| enzymes
99
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what is intrinsic factor involved with in the stomach
vitamin b12 absorption
100
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after the bolus enters the ________ it becomes ________
stomach
| juicy chyme
101
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where is chyme eventually released and how
duodenum via the pyloric sphincter
102
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regions of stomach
cardia
fundus
body
pylorus
103
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stomach is vascularized by many arteries including
gastric artery
104
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most superior region of stomach
fundus
105
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what is main part of stomach (region)
body
106
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where is pylorus located
between body and duodenum
107
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tissue of the stomach is comprised of
muscle layer
| epithelium layer
108
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stomach muscle contains
longitudinal
circular
oblique
109
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epithelium layer of stomach consists of
folds and shallow depressions
110
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folds in epithelium of stomach are called
rugae
111
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depressions in epithelium of stomach are called
gastric pits
112
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________ secrete intrinsic factor and HCl
parietal cells
113
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deep within the gastric pit are
chief cells
114
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chief cells secrete
pepinogen
115
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pepinogen combined with HCl forms
pepsin or protease
116
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what does pepsin/protease do
break down proteins
117
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what is pepsin/protease
enzyme
118
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deeper still in the gastric pit (most in the pylorus) is the
G cells
119
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G sells secrete
gastrin
120
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what does gastin cause
contractions of the gastric wall and stimulates parietal and chief cells
121
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how many phases of gastric control
3
122
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what are phases of gastric control
cephalic
gastric
intestinal
123
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cephalic gastric control is
short - minutes
124
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cephalic gastric control involves
CNS
| parasympathetic
125
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what is role of CNS in cephalic gastric control
think, smell, taste
126
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what is role of parasympathetic in cephalic gastric control
vagus nerve (NX)
127
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gastric control (phase) lasts how long
long 3-4 hours
128
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gastric control (phase) involves
neural
hormonal
hocal
129
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what is neural role in gastric control (phase)
stretch and chemo receptors
130
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what is hormonal role in gastric control (phase)
gastrin
131
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what is hocal role in gastric control (phase)
histamine from mast cells
132
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what does intestinal phase of gastric control do
controls rate of gastric emptying
133
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intestinal phase of gastric control involves
nervous response
| hormonal response
134
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what are the nervous responses of intestinal phase of gastric control
stretch and chemo receptors
enterogastric reflex
inhibits gastric byproduction
contraction of pyrolic sphincter
135
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what is hormonal response to instestinal phase of gastric control
lipids and carbos
secretin secretion
gastrin secretin
136
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intestinal hormonal response involves these lipids/carbos
CCK (cholecystokinin)
| GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
137
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what does CCK do
decrease secretion of enzymes and acids
138
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what does GIP do
decrease secretion of enzymes as well as acids and decreases contraction - making fatty meals stay longer in stomach
139
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what does secretin do
decreases parietal and chief cell activity.
| decreases ph below 4.5
140
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what does gastrin do
in the duodenum proteins - increases secretion of gastrin
141
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when stomach distends and decrease in protein
increase chyme into duodenum
142
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alcohol and caffeine
increase gastin secretion and motility
143
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secretion has been implicated in a subset of
autism
144
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the small intestines consists of
duodenum
jejunem
ileum
145
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length of deuodenum
12 inch
146
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what does jejunem mean
empty
147
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ileum means
twisted
148
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where does the highest amount of nutrient absorption occur
small intestines
149
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what % of nutrient absoprtion takes place in small intestines
90%
150
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small intestines have folds called
plicae
151
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what is on the plicae
intestinal villi surrounded by microvilli
152
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what are the villi and microvilli called
brush border
153
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within the villus the _________ absorb mostly lipids
lacteals
154
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example of a lipid the lacteal absorbs
chylomicrons
155
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goblet cells in the small intestines produce _________ and _________
mucin
Brunner's cells
mucus
156
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_________ are pockets producing new cells which make their way to the top of the villus
crypts of Lieberkuhn
157
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_________ are deep and secrete lysozyme, defensins,etc
paneth cells
158
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brush border enzymes are involved with
digestion
159
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example of brush border enzyme
enterokinase
160
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the gastroileal relaxes the
ilocecal value
161
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vomitting reflex is controlled in the
medulla oblongata
162
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the pancreas contains
head, body, tail
163
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pancreas consists of
lobules
164
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pancreas is vascularized primarily by
pancreatic arteries
165
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located in the pancreas are the _________ histologically
islets of Langerhan
| acinar cells
166
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function of islets of langerhan
endocrine function
167
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what cell tissue is 80% of pancreas
acinar cells
168
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function of acinar cells
secrete pancreatic juice containing enzymes
169
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70% of pancreatic enzymes are
protease
170
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what does protease do
break do proteins/peptidases/peptides
171
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_________ is found in acinar cells
zymogen granules
172
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zymogen granules contain
enzymes
173
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pancreatic lipases breakdown
fats, triglcerides
174
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pancreatic amylases are called
carbohydrase
175
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pancreatic nucleases break apart
nucleic acids
176
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what stimulates production of pancreatic enzymes
CCK from duodenum
| vagus nerve
177
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what stimulates production of pancreatic buffers
secretin from duodenum
178
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examples of specific proteases and proenzymes
trypsinogen
enterokinase
tripsin
179
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examples of other proenzymes
chymotripsin
carboxypeptidase
elastae
180
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the ducts of the pancreas in the
```
pancreatic duct (Wirsung)
accessory duct (Santorini)
```
181
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the pancreatic duct meets the bile duct at the _________
ampulla of Vater
182
# Chapter 24 - Digestive System
where is the bile duct from
liver and gall bladder
183
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the pancreatic accessory duct leads to the
duodenum
184
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what is accessory duct called
Santorini
185
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what is pancreatic duct called
Wirsung
186
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what is the largest visceral organ
liver
187
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how many lobes in liver
4
188
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what are the lobes in liver
left
right
caudate
quadrate
189
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what divides the liver's left and right lobes
falcifrom ligament
190
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where is the caudate lobe on liver
dorsal aspect
191
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what marks the path of the umbilical cord on liver
ligamentum teres
192
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the common bile duct, hepatic artery, and hepatic portal intersect with liver where
hilus
193
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liver consists of
hepatocytes
194
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function of hepatocytes
adjust circulating levels of nutrients by selective absorption/secretion
195
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hepatocytes take out
bile and cholesterol
196
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1/3 of _________ goes to liver
bloodflow
197
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25% of _________ goes to liver
cardiac output
198
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hexagonal shapes in liver tissue
lobules
199
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lobules contain a
central vein
200
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lobules are surrounded by
6 hepatic triads
201
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branches of hepatic triads are
hepatic portal vein
hepatic artery
small branch of bile duct
202
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blood flow in liver
sinusoids in central vein
interlobular vein
hepatic vein
203
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throughout the liver lobules are
kupffer cells
204
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bile is produced and is secreated into the
bile canaliculi
205
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drainage of bile
bile canaliculi
ductules
ducts (right/left)
common hepatic duct
206
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bile is
amphipathic
207
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what is amphipathic
hydrophobic and hydrophilic
208
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liver and carbohydrates chain
glycogenesis - glycogen - glycogen (stored)
glycongenolysis - glycogen - glucose
gluconeogenesis - (lactic acid)+ AA's - glucose
209
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the lipid reserves empty into the
bloodstream
210
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most lipids absorbed from digestion bypass
hepatic portal circulation/lacteals
211
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if there is an increase in serum AA's the liver _________
absorbs them
212
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serum AA's are used by liver to
synthesize proteins or converted to lipids/glucose for storage
213
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deamination =
de (remove)
amin (amine group)
ation (action)
214
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liver is involved wtih removal of
toxins
| wastes including nitrogenous waste
215
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liver stores
vitamins
| fat solubels vit K-ADE, and Vita B12
216
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liver is involved with _________ synthesis
plasma protein
217
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liver stores minerals
Fe and Cu
218
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liver absorbs
hormones
steroid
thyroid
219
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liver converts vits D3 from
skin
220
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liver converts 25 hydroxy-D3
liver/kidney
221
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liver removes
antibodies
222
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_________ is nestled under the liver
gall bladder
223
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function of gallbladder
store bile
224
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_________ leaves the gallbladder and joins with the common hepatic duct
cystic duct
225
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cystic duct and common hepatic duct form
common bile duct
226
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the _________ is stimulated by CCK and releases bile to duodendum
sphincter of Oddi
227
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what is sphincter of oddi
hepatopancreatic sphincter
228
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functions of large intestine
reabsorption of water
compactor
absorption of vitamins
stores feces
229
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what vitamins does large intestines absorb
vita b12, biotin, K
230
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bacterial flora break down what in LI
fiber
231
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what are pouches in LI called
haustra
232
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haustra comprises of
colon
233
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what is haustra churning
peristolsis of colon
234
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what causes haustra churning
3 longitudinal muscle bands
235
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name of muscle bands in LI
taentia coli
236
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along the colon is fat called the
epiploic appendages
237
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the _________ attaches to teh cecum
vermiform appendix
238
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what dominates the vermiform appendix
lymphoid nodules
239
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digestion: mouth: proteins
nothing
240
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dig: mouth: carbs
salivary amylase
241
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dig: mouth: fat
linqual lipase
242
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dig: stomach: protein
pepsin
| Acid - denatures
243
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dig: stomach: carb
nothing
244
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dig: stomach: fat
nothing
245
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dig: duodenum: protein
```
protease/peptidases
trysin
chymotrypsin
elastase
carboxypeptidase
```
246
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dig: duodenum: carb
pancreatic amalyse
247
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dig: duodenum: fat
pancreatic lipase
| bile-emulsifies
248
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dig: intestinal: protein
exopeptidases
249
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dig: intestinal: carb
maltase (for maltose)
250
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dig: mucosa: protein
dipeptidases
251
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dig: mucosa: carbs
sucrase (for sucrose)
| lactase (for lactose)
252
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lipid starts as a _________ which is broken down into little _________
fat bubble
| fat bubble
253
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little fat bubbles of lipids are produced by
emulsification
254
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after lipid has been emulsififed it becomes
micelle
255
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what is micelle made of
bile and fat
256
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micelle and protein combine to form
chymlomicron
257
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ion absorption occurs
along the alimentary canal
258
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fat soluble vitamins include
KADE
259
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water soluble vitamins include
Bs and C
260
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B12 need _________ to be absorbed
intrinsic factor
