DAT Biological diversity pt 4 cheat sheet

Question 1

are viruses living or nonliving

Answer 1

non living

Question 2

2 examples of viruses

Answer 2

bacteriophage and retroviruses

Question 3

RNA viruses that use reverse transcriptase to
create double stranded DNA transcripts from single stranded
RNA genome

Answer 3

retrovirus

Question 4

3 components of virus

Answer 4

nucleic acid, capsid, viral envelope

Question 5

Viral genome integrated into bacterial genome

Answer 5

prophage

Question 6

Viral genome integrated into eukaryotic genome

Answer 6

provirus

Question 7

Protein coat enclosing and protecting nucleic acid

Answer 7

capsid

Question 8

Outer membrane layer of virus

Answer 8

viral envelope

Question 9

composed of host cell
membranes, other membrane proteins, and viral
glycoproteins

Answer 9

viral envelope

Question 10

Enveloped viruses are typically found in…

Answer 10

animals

Question 11

viruses and bacteria both have…

Answer 11

nucleic acids

Question 12

Viruses that infect bacterial cells

Answer 12

bacteriophage

Question 13

what extra structures does a bacteriophage have

Answer 13

sheath, tail fibers

Question 14

Helps eject viral DNA into host

Answer 14

sheath

Question 15

Help with recognition and
attachment

Answer 15

tail fibers

Question 16

Disruption of host genes involved in cell replication by injection/integration of viral
genome can lead to…

Answer 16

cancer cell development

Question 17

Rapid onset of symptoms and virion replication

Answer 17

acute

Question 18

how quickly is acute viral infections gone

Answer 18

brief, resolved in days

Question 19

Initial period of high viral load -> reduced to low once immune system
controls infection -> lasts several years to a lifetime

Answer 19

chronic

Question 20

Intermittent phases of high and low viral loads after initial acute à lasts
years to a lifetime

Answer 20

latent

Question 21

Seems dormant after initial viral load but progresses (viral
replication) years later

Answer 21

slow progressing

Question 22

prevent phages from identifying bacterial surface proteins

Answer 22

cell surface mutation

Question 23

cut at specific recognized
sequences to prevent replication

Answer 23

restriction enzymes

Question 24

Internal defense of bacteria that recognizes and cuts out viral
genomes à Used in biotechnology for genome editing

Answer 24

CRISPR Cas system

Question 25

In large population (viral outbreak)

Answer 25

epidemic

Question 26

Global impact (viral outbreak)

Answer 26

pandemic

Question 27

Weakened agents that mimic disease-causing organism to stimulate immune system

Answer 27

vaccine

Question 28

Viruses mix genes to increase host ranges; difficult to treat

Answer 28

Antigenic shift:

Question 29

Minor changes in viruses allow for infection of same host species

Answer 29

antigenic drift

Question 30

Infectious misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to misfold into the prion form

Answer 30

prion

Question 31

Single stranded RNA molecules that infect plants

Answer 31

viroids

Question 32

Bacteriophage infects and injects genome into host cell, then transcribes it into viral particles that are assembled into new viruses à host cell bursts and is destroyed while virus replicates and attacks other cells

Answer 32

lytic cycle

Question 33

Active process where phage replicates in host cell

Answer 33

lytic cycle

Question 34

Passive process à Bacteriophage integrates into host genome without actively creating new viral particles. Every time host cell replicates, viral genome replicated as well

Answer 34

lysogenic cycle

Question 35

Viral genome may later be triggered to enter lytic cycle to produce new viral particles

Answer 35

lysogenic cycle

Question 36

viral life cycle steps

Answer 36

1. attachment 2. entry 3. uncoating 4. synthesis/replication 5. self assembly 6. release

Question 37

between host cell and specific viral surface proteins

Answer 37

attachment

Question 38

set of species a virus can infect

Answer 38

host ranges

Question 39

Depending on virus type and host cell à bacteriophage inject genome into bacterial host cell using protein tail; enveloped viruses will fuse their viral envelopes with host membrane, and other viruses are taken in via endocytosis

Answer 39

entry

Question 40

how does bacteriophage inject genome

Answer 40

protein tail

Question 41

Once inside host, viral genome is exposed via breakdown of viral capsid

Answer 41

uncoating

Question 42

how is viral genome exposed

Answer 42

breakdown of viral capsid

Question 43

Virus replicates its genome and viral proteins à requires host’s nucleotides, enzymes, and ribosomes

Answer 43

synthesis/ replication

Question 44

what does synthesis/replication require

Answer 44

hosts nucleotides, enzymes and ribosomes

Question 45

Viral components spontaneously assemble into new complete viral particles called virions

Answer 45

self assembly

Question 46

Where viral shedding allows newly replicated viral particles to leave host

Answer 46

release