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DAT Embryology Cheat SHeet Flashcards

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1
Q

The female gamete is the..

A

egg

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2
Q

outermost layer of egg

A

Corona Radiata

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3
Q

male gamete is the

A

sperm

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4
Q

Biochemical process initiated by secretions in the uterus and fallopian
tubes to make sperm more active in female reproductive tract

A

capacitation

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5
Q

where does sperm swim thru for first step of fertilization

A

corona radiata

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6
Q

once the sperm swims thru corona radiata, where does it arrive

A

zona pellucida (aka vitelline membrane)

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7
Q

after sperm arriving in zone pellucida, what happens

A

Acrosome reaction is triggered; hydrolytic enzymes digest
through zona pellucida

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8
Q

after acrosome rxn what happens,

A

Sperm enters perivitelline space and fuses with egg plasma
membrane

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9
Q

after sperm fuses with egg plasma membrane, what happens

A

The haploid nucleus of sperm enters the egg

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10
Q

final step of fertilization

A

2 haploid nuclei fuse to form the diploid zygote (2n)

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11
Q

Occurs instantaneously when sperm fuses with plasma membrane

A

fast block

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12
Q

for fast block, what channels open and close

A

sodium channels along membrane open, causes influx in Na

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13
Q

Depolarization of egg membrane changes… fast block

A

charge of membrane,
preventing other sperm from binding for a short duration of time

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14
Q

Longer lasting block occurring after fast block

A

slow block

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15
Q

Depolarization of egg causes… what for slow boock

A

Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum into cytoplasm

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16
Q

WHAT fuse with membrane and release their contents outward into perivitelline space (slow block)

A

cortical granuls

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17
Q

does membrane shrink or enlarge during slow block

A

enlarge

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18
Q

once membrane enlarges, what happens (slow block)

A

zona pellucida (now known as the fertilization membrane/envelope)
detaches and hardens, preventing future sperm from being able to bind

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19
Q

After slow block, a second…

A

meiotic division of the egg is completed

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20
Q

With each round of mitosis, early embryo goes through

A

rapid cell division

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21
Q

does amount of cytoplasm change with each round of mitosis for early embryo

A

no

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22
Q

New cells formed directly above previous cells

A

radial

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23
Q

New cells formed at angle to previous cells

A

spiral

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24
Q

Cell decides its fate (what type of cell to
become) early in development

A

Determinate (Mosaic):

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25
Separated blastomere and the remaining embryo can’t form.... (determinate)
a complete embryo
26
Removing blastomere would remove...
an irreplaceable and critical piece of organism
27
Fate of cell is determined later in development
Indeterminate (Regulative):
28
If blastomere is removed, it and the remaining embryo can.. (indeterminate)
form a complete organism à resulting in 2 complete normal organisms
29
protostome direction of cleavage
spiral
30
dueterostome direction of cleavage
radial
31
protostome type of cleavage
determinate
32
dueterostome type of cleavage
indeterminate
33
coelom formation protostome
Schizocoelus
34
coelom formation dueterostome
Enterocoelus
35
cell has decided what genes will be expressed and which will be repressed
determined
36
When we can look under the microscope and see a physical change in the cell expressing those genes
differentiation
36
All fertilized zygotes will undergo a series of rapid cell divisions called
cleavage
37
(increasing cell count without increasing cell size)
cleavage
38
when will fertilized zygotes undergo cleavage
while traveling down the fallopian tubes for implantation
39
fertilized zygote goes to...
morula
40
morula ->
blastula
41
blastula - >
gastrula
42
gastrula ->
neurula
43
(solid ball of cells)
morula
44
(hollow sphere of cells)
blastula
45
The morula (solid ball of cells) becomes a blastula (hollow sphere of cells)
blastulation
46
human embryos in blastulation are known as
blastocysts
47
The blastula becomes the gastrula as cells begin to invaginate with...
a blastopore
48
what does blastopore go on to become
mouth or anus
49
The blastula becomes the gastrula as cells begin to invaginate with a blastopore that will go on to become the mouth (protostome) or anus (deuterostome)
gastrulation
50
During gastrulation, different parts of the embryo begin to...
interact with one another for the first time
51
3 germ layers
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
52
Even the most primitive organisms form WHAT during gastrulation
gut tube
53
a cell can influence the development of nearby cells how
induction
54
stimulates overlying ectoderm to thicken via induction
notocord
55
go on to form parts of the intervertebral discs & spinal vertebrae)
notocord
56
what does neural plate do in second step of neuralation
flods
57
what does neural plate eventually form
neural tube
58
The neural tube will go on to form the
brain and spinal cord
59
4 key features that all chordates have during development
notochord, post anal tail, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits
60
Epidermis layer (skin/hair) germ layer
ectoderm
61
Adrenal Medulla
ectoderm
62
Jaw + teeth
ectoderm
63
Sensory system
ectoderm
64
Nervous system
ectoderm
65
(GI & respiratory tract,
endoderm
66
excretory system,
endoderm
67
reproductive tract)
endoderm
68
Thyroid, parathyroid, and thymus
endoderm
69
Liver
endoderm
70
Circulatory system
mesoderm
71
Lymphatic system
mesoderm
72
Skeletal system
mesoderm
73
Muscular system
mesodrm
74
Adrenal cortex
mesoderm
75
notocord
mesoderm
76
amphibian... Embryo rotates 30° on its axis to form an area called
grey crescent
77
Gray crescent formed where
(formed exactly opposite of the sperm’s point of entry)
78
develop specialized membranes outside embryo to help nourish and support it
amniotes
79
lack the amnion and extraembryonic layers à lay their eggs in water
non amniotes
80
2 genetically identical embryos
monozygotic
81
regular siblings just born at the same time
dizygotic

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