DAT Endocrine System Cheat Sheet Flashcards by Jack Green

targets a distant cell
through the bloodstream

endocrine

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secretes enzymes into
ducts

exocrine

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target nearby cell

paracrine

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targets itself

autocrine

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Bind to surface cell membrane receptor → Receptors start cell signaling pathways via secondary messengers

peptide hormones

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where do peptide hormones bind to

surface cell membrane receptors

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Diffuse plasma membrane and bind receptor in cytoplasm → hormone + receptor is transported into nucleus to act
transcriptionally

steroids

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after steroids diffuse thru membrane, where is receptor bound

in cytoplams

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after hormone and receptor is bound, where is it transported (steroids)

nucleous

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Lipid-soluble, bind to receptors in nucleus, and require protein carrier in blood

thyroid hormones

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what do thyroid hormones require

protein carriers in blood

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are thyroid hormones lipid soluable

yes

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Water-soluble, bind receptors on target tissue, and mainly act via secondary messenger cAMP

Catecholamines:

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where do catecholamines bind receptors

target tissue

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what secondary messenger does catecholamines act by

cAMP

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Small molecules that pass along signals (such as growth
factors and protein hormones)

secondary messengers

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secondary messengers are Initiated by

ligand-receptor binding

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examples of secondary messengers

Examples: IP3, cAMP, Calcium, DAG

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Hypothalamus secretes releasing hormones to the…

anterior pituitary gland

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what happens when apg receives hormones

it releases its own

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Hypothalamus secretes…

ADH and oxytocin

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where is ADH and oxytocin stored

posterior pituitary

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Secreted by Alpha cells,
released when energy
levels are low

glucagen

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↑ glucose levels in blood

glucagen

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Stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose

glucagen

glucogen Stimulates WHAT in liver

gluconeogenesis

Converts stored adipose tissue into blood lipids

glucagen

Secreted by Beta cells

insulin

Anabolic, released when energy levels are high

insulin

↓ glucose levels in blood

insulin

Stimulates liver & muscle to store glucose as glycogen

insulin

Secreted by Delta cells

Somatostatin

Inhibits release of insulin & glucagon

somatostatin

↑ nutrient absorption time by ↓ digestive system flow

somatostatin

Tropic hormones – Stimulate other...

endocrine glands

Stimulates adrenal cortex → releases glucocorticoids

acth

Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones

tsh

Stimulates corpus luteum formation females

Stimulates interstitial cells of testes to produce testosterone

Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles to secrete estrogen

fsh

Stimulates seminiferous tubule maturation & sperm production

fsh

Nontropic hormones – Directly stimulate

target organs

Stimulates bone & muscle growth

Stimulates milk production

prolactin

Does not synthesize hormones

posterior pituitary

Stores ADH & oxytocin for release

posterior pituitary

Increases reabsorption of water by increasing permeability of nephron's collecting duct

ADH (vasopressin)

Increases strength of uterine contractions; stimulates milk ejection; induces maternal behavior

oxytocin

Secretes melatonin

pineal gland

Regulates circadian rhythm (sleep)

pineal gland

Immune function

thymus

Secretes thymosins that stimulate white blood cells to become T-cells

thymus

Antagonistic to the function of calcitonin

pth

Stimulating osteoclasts to breakdown bone

pth

Increasing kidney reabsorption of calcium

pth

Increasing calcium uptake from the gut

pth

Increases spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics

testosterone

Menstrual cycle regulation, secondary sex characteristics

estrogen

Menstrual cycle regulation, pregnancy

progesterone

↑ basal metabolic rate in body

Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3)

Calcitonin *

Stimulates osteoblast activity (builds up bone by using calcium in the blood)

what is necessary to synthesize thyroid hormones

iodine

Converts glycogen to glucose [↑ blood glucose]

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Vasoconstrictor to kidneys and bladder

epinephrin and norepinephrin

Raise blood glucose levels

glucocordicoids

Degrades adipose tissue to use as energy

glucocordicoids

↑ reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

hormones involved with pancreas

glucagon, insulin, somatostatin

2 types of hormones in anterior pituitary

tropic and non tropic hormones

hormones involved in posterior pituitary

ADH and oxytocin

ACTH, LH, Tsh, FSh, what kinda hormone and where

tropic, anterior pituitary

gh, prolactin what kinda hormone and where

non tropic, posterior pituitary

t3 and t4 calcintonin where do they come from

thyroid

2 parts of hypothalamus

anterior and posterior pituitary