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DAT Integumentary and Immune Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

integumentary system is made up of

A

skin, hair, nails, glands, and some nerve
endings.

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2
Q

Thermoregulation skin

A

helps regulate
body temperature. Blood can be
shunted away from the capillaries of the
skin to reduce heat loss, hairs can be
erected (piloerection) via sympathetic
stimulation to trap insulating air next to
skin.

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3
Q

Protection skin

A

skin is a physical barrier to
abrasion, bacteria, dehydration, many
chemicals, and UV radiation

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4
Q

Environmental sensory input skin

A

skin
gathers information about the
environment by sensing temperature,
pressure, pain, and touch

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5
Q

Excretion skin

A

water and salts are excreted
through the skin, and independent of
sweating, we diffuse water out via
insensible fluid loss

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6
Q

Immunity skin

A

specialized cells of the
epidermis are components of the
immune system

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7
Q

Blood reservoir skin

A
  • vessels in the dermis
    hold up to 10% of the blood in a resting
    adult
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8
Q

Vitamin D synthesis skin

A

UV radiation
activates skin molecules that are
precursors to vitamin D

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9
Q

three main layers of the
skin:

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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10
Q

Epidermis

A

the superficial, avascular
epithelial tissue that relies on the dermis
for oxygen and nutrients. Exposure of the
epidermis to pressure/friction will result
in thickening to form a callus.

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11
Q

Stratum corneum

A

25-30 dead
layers; filled with keratin and
surrounded by lipids. Lamellar
granules make it water repellent

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12
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

only in palms,
soles of feet, and finger tips;
consists of 3-5 layers, and appears
clear/dead

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13
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of
dying cells; lamellar bodies release
hydrophobic lipids

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14
Q

Stratum spinous

A

contribute to
strength and flexibility; 8-10 layers
held together by desmosomes
which are keratin involving adhesion
proteins

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15
Q

Stratum basale (germinativum)

A

deepest layer of skin, contains
Merkel cells and stem cells that
divide to produce keratinocytes; is
attached by the basement
membrane and melanocytes are
found here

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16
Q

Remember the layers of the epidermis
(top to bottom) by using the mnemonic…

A

“Come, Let’s

Get SunBurnt!”

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17
Q

Keratinocytes -

A

produce the protein
keratin that helps waterproof the skin.
As these are pushed to the top layer
of skin, they accumulate keratin and
die, losing their organelles along the
way. Keratin is also the most
abundant protein in the epidermis

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18
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • transfer skin pigment
    melanin to keratinocytes
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19
Q

Langerhans cells

A
  • interact with
    helper T cells of the immune system
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20
Q

Merkel cells

A

attach to sensory
neurons and function in touch
sensation

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21
Q

Dermis

A

the second layer of the skin that
consists primarily of connective tissue,
collagen and elastic fibers, and contains
hair follicles, glands, nerves, and blood
vessels.

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22
Q

Papillary region (top 20%) dermis

A

thin
vascular network within upward
projecting papillae that helps supply
nutrients to epidermis and regulates
temperature. Papillae also contain
Meisner’s corpuscles (sensory touch
receptors) and their upward
projection is what creates fingerprint
ridges

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23
Q

Reticular region

A

region with dense
connective tissue, collagen, and
elastic fibers; packed with glands,
sweat gland ducts, fat, and hairfollicles; provides strength and
elasticity (stretch marks are dermal
tears)

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24
Q

Hypodermis (subcutaneous)

A

technically not a part of skin, but it is a
part of the integumentary system;
consists of areolar and adipose tissue,
and functions in fat storage, act as a
heat insulator, and serves as a shock
absorber. The hypodermis also contains
pressure sensing nerve endings and
passages for blood vessels

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25
Sebaceous (oil) glands
glands that are connected to hair follicles and are absent in palms and soles. These glands secrete oil (sebum) that keeps skin relatively acidic to discourage microbial growth, and acne is caused by these glands getting clogged
25
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands 2 types...
Eccrine (most of body), Apocrine
26
Eccrine (most of body) sweat gland
regulate temperature through perspiration and eliminate urea; open directly to skin
27
Apocrine
found in arm pits, pubic region, and nipples; secretions are more viscous and open to hair follicles
28
Ceruminous (wax) glands
found in ear canal and produce a wax-like material that acts as a barrier to entrance
29
Mammary (milk) glands
secrete milk for breastfeeding
30
Hair
a column of keratinized cells held tightly together, and stand up via contraction of smooth muscles (arrector/ erector pili)
31
Burn degrees
a first degree burn affects the epithelial layer, a second degree affects the epithelial and part of the dermal layers, and a third degree burn affects both skin layers and extended into the subcutaneous layer
32
Albumins plasma protein
transport fatty acids and steroids, help regulate osmotic pressure, and the most abundant
33
relative amounts of leukocytes in the blood:
erythrocytes > platelets > leukocytes.
34
Phagocytes
engulf foreign particles, bacteria, dead or dying cells via phagocytosis. Macrophages are the largest phagocytes
35
Neutrophils
function in destruction of pathogens in infected tissues; are drawn to infected/injured areas by chemicals via the process of chemotaxis
36
Monocytes
circulate in blood until they move into tissues via diapedesis where they develop into macrophages, which are professional antigen-presenting cells that phagocytize cell debris and pathogens. Monocytes can also give rise to dendritic cells.
37
Dendritic cells
responsible for the ingestion of pathogens and stimulate acquired immunity. The main role of dendritic cells is as an antigen-presenting cell that activates T-lymphocytes. Dendritic cells can also have myeloid (from monocyte) or lymphoid lineage
38
Eosinophils
surround and destroy multicellular parasites.
39
Lymphocytes
are WBC’s, but are not part of the non-specific second line of defense
40
innate immunity,
generalized protection.
41
innate immunity includes...
Antimicrobial proteins, skin,Cilia, gastric juice, Symbiotic bacteria
42
Basophils
- release histamines for inflammatory response, found circulating the blood, and are recruited into tissue when needed. Contain histamine and heparin
43
Natural killer cells
other WBCs are called natural killer cells (NK cells) and attach abnormal body cells such as tumors or pathogen-infected tissues
44
Mast cells
function in allergic response, inflammatory response (histamine release), and anaphylaxis. These reside in tissues
45
complement system
contains ~30 complement proteins that circulate the body and assists in activating the immune response.
46
Interferons
these are secreted by cells invaded by viruses/pathogens that stimulate neighboring cells to produce proteins to defend against the virus. believed to be regulators of the complement system
47
Inflammatory Response
series of non-specific events that occur in response to injury or pathogens.
48
Histamine
is secreted by mast cells, which are white blood cells in connective tissue, and cause vasodilation
49
Vasodilation
stimulated by histamine and increases blood supply to the area, which causes a subsequent increase in temperature that stimulates WBCs that can kill pathogens
50
Phagocytes
attracted to injury by chemical gradients of the complement system, and engulf pathogens and damaged cells
51
Complement
help phagocytes engulf foreign cells, stimulate basophils to release histamine, and lyse foreign cells
52
Adaptive immunity
specific third line of defense that develops after the body has been attacked. attacks specific antigens not broad sweeps
53
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
- the mechanism by which the immune system is able to differentiate between self and non-self. A foreign MHC triggers a T cell attack.
54
Lymphocyte
primary agents of the immune response. Are leukocytes that originate in bone marrow and concentrate in lymphatic tissue such as the lymph nodes, thymus gland, and spleen
55
B cells (produce antibodies)
originate and mature in the bone marrow, and are activated in response to antigens. The plasma membrane of B cells contain antigen-receptor antibodies, the soluble form of these receptors are antibodies (or immunoglobulins).
56
Antibodies
proteins that are specific to each antigen, and have 5 classes: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.
57
IgG
Gross - gross quantities are produced, most abundant Ig in serum and extravascular spaces. Can cross placenta and are most important in protecting the fetus
58
IgA
BreAst milk - found in breast milk and other bodily secretions (most abundant Ig in secretions)
59
IgM
Mono - first antibodies produced after initial exposure to antigen
60
IgE
SneEze - related to allergies
61
IgD
Diminished - very few are produced, and the function is not well known
62
Proliferation
when an antigen binds to a B cell, proliferation (or expansion of the B cell population) occurs, thus forming daughter B cells.
63
Plasma cells
B cells that circulate in blood and release specific free antibodies that dispose of antigens
64
Memory cells
long-lived B cells that do not release antibodies in response to immediate antigen invasion. Instead, they circulate the body, proliferate, and respond quickly (via antibody synthesis) to eliminate subsequent invasion by the same antigen.
65
T cells
originate in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus, and have antigen receptors yet do not make antibodies.
66
Cytotoxic T cells
killer T cells that recognize and destroy by releasing perforin protein that punctures cells (lysis). These can attack many cells because they do not phagocytize their victims.
67
Helper T cells
stimulate activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and suppressor T cells. Are also the target for the virus that causes AIDs (HIV)
68
Suppressor T cells
play a negative feedback role in the immune system
69
Memory T cells
similar in function to Memory B cells
70
Natural killer cells
attack virus- infected cells or abnormal body cells (tumors). These cells are part of innate immunity, not specific, and they attack infected body cells, not the microorganisms directly
71
Clonal selection
occurs when an antigen binds to a B cell, or when a non- self cell binds to a T cell, and the B or T cells divide into daughter cells that bear a “selected” effective antigen receptor.
72
Responses of Acquired/Adaptive Immune System
Cell-mediated response, Humoral Response (antibody mediated response)
73
Cell-mediated response
effective against infected cells, uses mostly T cells and responds to any non-self cells, including cells invaded by pathogen.
74
Humoral Response (antibody mediated response)
responds to antigens or pathogens that circulate in lymph or blood (such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, or blood toxins).
75
differences between B and T cells
B cells can directly bind intact antigens at their receptor sites, but T cells must have the antigen presented as fragments from other cells
76
Antibiotics
chemicals derived from bacteria and fungi that are harmful to other microorganisms
77
Inactivated vaccine
consist of an inactivated pathogen that has been destroyed
78
Attenuated vaccine
contain live pathogens but are disabled in some way to prevent virulence
79
Toxoid vaccine
- can be made from inactivated toxic compounds that cause illness rather than the pathogen itself
80
Passive immunity
occurs when antibodies are transferred from another individual
81
Paracrine System
consists of local mediators that function in the immediate area around the cell from which they were released. These mediators can be proteins, amino acid derivatives, or fatty acids
82
Prostaglandins
locally acting autocrine/paracrine lipid messenger molecule that has physiological effects

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