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DAT Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine

A

synthesizes and secretes
hormones into the bloodstream

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2
Q

Exocrine

A

secretes enzymes into ducts

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3
Q

Paracrine

A

cell signaling where the
target is nearby

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4
Q

Autocrine

A

cell signaling via hormone or
chemical messenger that binds to
receptors on the same cell

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5
Q

Hormone

A

are transported throughout
the body in blood, a small amount has a
large impact, and compared to the
nervous system, the endocrine system is
slower, indirect, and longer lasting

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6
Q

Peptide hormones

A

synthesized in the
rough ER and modified in Golgi (requires
vesicles to cross membrane). They act on
surface receptors typically via secondary
messengers (e.g., cyclic AMP)

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7
Q

Peptide hormones are…

A

water soluable

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8
Q

where are peptide hormones manufactured?

A

rough ER as a
larger pre-prohormone → cleaved in
ER lumen to prohormone → cleaved
again and modified with
carbohydrates in Golgi to final form
→ packaged by Golgi into secretory
vesicles for release via exocytosis

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9
Q

Example of receptor-mediated
endocytosis

A

protein stimulates
production of second messengers

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10
Q

Anterior pituitary peptide hormone exampel

A

follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH),
luteinizing hormone (LH),
adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH), human growth hormone
(hGH), thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH), prolactin

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11
Q

Posterior pituitary peptide hormone example

A

anti-diuretic
hormone (ADH)

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12
Q

Parathyroid gland peptide hormone example

A

parathyroid
hormone (PTH)

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13
Q

Pancreas peptide hormone example

A

glucagon and insulin

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14
Q

Steroid hormones

A

synthesized from
cholesterol in the smooth ER; are
hydrophobic, which means they freely
diffuse but require a protein transport
molecule to dissolve in blood; have
intracellular receptors

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15
Q

Direct stimulation (steroid hormone)

A

steroid hormone
diffuses past the plasma membrane
and binds to receptors in the
cytoplasm → hormone + receptor are
transported to the nucleus → binding
activates a portion of DNA, acting at
the transcription level

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16
Q

Adrenal cortex steroid hormone example

A

glucocorticoids
and mineralocorticoids (cortisol
and aldosterone)

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17
Q

Gonads steroid hormone example

A

estrogen, progesterone,
testosterone (estrogen and
progesterone are also produced
by the placenta)

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18
Q

Tyrosine derivatives

A
  • formed by
    enzymes in cytosol or on the rough ER
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19
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

are lipid
soluble, require a protein carrier in
the blood, and bind to receptors in
the nucleus. The response has a
latent period and increased
duration. These hormones increase
transcription of many genes in
nearly all cells of the body

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20
Q

Catecholamines

A

epinephrine and
norepinephrine are tyrosine
derivatives that are water soluble,
dissolve in blood, bind receptors on
target tissue, and mainly act via
second messenger cAMP

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21
Q

Receptor location varies…

A

receptors
can be on the membrane or inside the
cell, and hormone regulation can occur
by increasing or decreasing the number
of receptors in response to hormone
amount.

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22
Q

Negative feedback

A
  • the effect
    produced by a hormone is
    monitored, and any deviations from
    a set “normal” level lead to
    adjustments that bring the system
    back to that normal level.
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23
Q

Hypothalamus

A

monitors the external
environment and internal conditions of
the body. The hypothalamus contains
neurosecretory cells that link the
hypothalamus to the pituitary gland, and
is therefore considered the link between
the endocrine and nervous system.

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24
Q

hypothalamus secretes what hormones..

A

ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin to
be stored in the posterior
pituitary
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
(GnRH) from neurons, which
stimulates the anterior pituitary to
secrete FSH and LH

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25
Anterior Pituitary
mainly regulates hormone production by other glands and is regulated itself by the hypothalamus
26
Direct (non-tropic) hormones
directly stimulate target organs
27
hGH
aka somatotropin, stimulates bone and muscle growth
28
Prolactin
stimulates milk production in females from mammary gland cells.
29
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
stimulates melanocytes to produce and release melanin
30
Endorphins
- inhibit perception of pain (is technically a neurohormone)
31
Tropic hormones
stimulate other endocrine glands
32
ACTH
stimulates adrenal cortex → release glucocorticoids via second messenger cAMP.
33
TSH
stimulates thyroid gland which in turn increases in size, cell number, and rate of secretion of hormones T3 and T4.
34
LH
in females, stimulates formation of corpus luteum, and in males, it stimulates interstitial cells of testes to produce testosterone
35
FSH
in females, stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles to secrete estrogen, and in males, stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules and sperm production
36
Posterior Pituitary
composed mainly of support tissue from nerve endings extending from the hypothalamus. Does not synthesize hormones, but stores ADH and oxytocin produced by the hypothalamus.
37
ADH/vasopressin
increases reabsorption of water by increasing permeability of the nephron’s collecting duct → water reabsorption and increased blood volume and pressure. Coffee and alcohol block ADH, therefore increasing urine volume
38
Oxytocin
- secreted during childbirth, increases strength of uterine contractions and stimulates milk ejection by stimulating contraction of smooth muscle cells in the uterus and mammary glands
39
Pineal gland
secretes melatonin which plays a role in the circadian rhythm
40
Thyroid
located on the ventral surface of the trachea, just in front of the trachea
41
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
are lipid soluble tyrosine derivatives (contain iodine) Derived from tyrosine and necessary for growth and neurological development in children, as well as increasing basal metabolic rate (BMR) in the body (negative feedback on TSH)
42
Hypothyroidism
under secretion → low heart rate, respiratory rate, and BMR
43
Hyperthyroidism
over secretion → increased BMR and sweating (both hypo and hyperthyroidism lead to goiter, or enlargement of thyroid gland)
44
Calcitonin
peptide hormone that ‘tones down’ Ca2+ in blood Stimulates osteoblast activity, which builds up bone by using up the Ca2+ in the blood
45
Achondroplasia
results in dwarfism
46
Progeria
premature aging, wrinkled skin, arthritis, and arteriosclerosis
47
Parathyroid
four pea-shaped structures attached to the back of the thyroid
48
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
helps maintain the right balance of calcium in the bloodstream and in tissues that depend on calcium for proper functionin
49
Thymus
involved in immune response, secretes thymosins that stimulate WBCs to become T cells that identify and destroy infected body cells
50
Adrenal gland
- rest on top of the kidneys
51
Adrenal cortex (outer portion)
secretes only steroid hormones
52
Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone)
raise blood glucose levels, which stimulates gluconeogeneis in the liver, and degrades adipose tissue to fatty acids for use as energy
53
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
increases reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys
54
Cortical sex hormones
androgens are male sex hormones; a small amount is secreted, which is significant in females but not in males, since they have testes producing much more
55
Adrenal medulla
secretes Epinephrine and norepinephrine
56
Pancreas
has bundles of cells called Islet of Langerhans which contain two cell types: alpha and beta; also has delta cells
57
Alpha cells secrete
glucagon - catabolic, and released when energy is low, thus raising blood glucose levels
58
Beta cells secrete
insulin - anabolic, released when blood levels of carbohydrates/proteins are high, thus lowering blood glucose levels
59
Delta cells release
somatostatin - somatostatin inhibits both insulin and glucagon.
60
Testosterone
spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics
61
Estrogen
menstrual cycle, secondary sex characteristics
62
Progesterone
menstrual cycle, pregnancy, regulates formation of internal reproductive structures
63
Gastrin
breaks down food in stomach, stimulates secretion of HCl
64
Secretin
small intestine; when acidic food enters from stomach, this neutralizes acidity of chyme by stimulating the release of alkaline bicarbonate from the pancreas
65
Cholecystokinin
small intestine; presence of fats causes contraction of gall-bladder and release of bile, which is involved in the digestion of fats and tells pancreas to release enzymes for digestion
66

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