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DAT Evolution and Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

Microevolution

A

the changes in allele
frequencies that occur over time within a
population due to mutation, selection, gene
flow, gene drift, and nonrandom mating.

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2
Q

Macroevolution

A

the patterns of changes in
groups of related species over broad periods of
geologic time. Patterns determine phylogeny
(evolutionary relationships among species and
groups of species). These patterns can be used
to establish a phylogenetic tree.

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3
Q

Use and disuse

A

body parts can develop with
increased usage and unused parts are
weakened.

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4
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

(idea is incorrect) body
features acquired during one’s lifetime can be
passed down to offspring.

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5
Q

Natural transformation of species

A

organisms
produce offspring with changes, transforming
each consecutive generation to be slightly
more complex.

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6
Q

Natural selection

A

survival of the fittest
without any luck. Allele frequencies increase or
decrease in order to adapt to the environment.

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7
Q

Descent with modification

A

Over time and
generations, traits providing reproductive
advantage become more common within the
population.

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8
Q

Fossil types:

A

actual remains, petrification,
imprints, molds, and casts.

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9
Q

Biogeography

A

The geography that describes
the distribution of species.

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10
Q

Ontogeny:

A

The development of an organism.

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11
Q

Phylogeny:

A

The evolutionary development and
diversification of a species.

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12
Q

Embryology

A

similar stages of development
among related species establishes evolutionary
relationships.

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13
Q

Homologous structures (anatomy)

A

body parts
that resemble one another between
different species that descended from a
common ancestor.

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14
Q

Analogous structures

A
  • body parts that
    resemble one another between different
    species that evolved independently.
    They have similar structures as
    adaptations to similar environments.
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15
Q

Comparative biochemistry

A

organisms with a
common ancestor mean they have common
biochemical pathways.

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16
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

the bell curve favors an
intermediate, like how the average height in
humans is in the middle.

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17
Q

Directional selection

A

the favoring of traits
that is at one extreme of the range. Traits at
opposite extremes are selected against.

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18
Q

Industrial selection

A

the selection of dark-
colored, melanic, varieties in various species of

moths, like the peppered moth, as a result of
industrial pollution. This is a specific type of
directional selection.

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19
Q

Disruptive selection

A

this selection occurs
when the environment favors extreme or
unusual traits while selecting against common
traits.

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20
Q

Intersexual selection

A

females choose
superior males, which increases thefitness of the offspring.

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21
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

when males
compete and fight with other males for
better mating opportunities. Males
increase fitness of offspring by
maximizing quantity.

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22
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

the differences in
appearance of males and females, which
is a form of disruptive selection. This
occurs because female choice leads to
traits and behaviors in males that are
favorable to females.

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23
Q

Artificial selection

A
  • this is a form of directional
    selection carried out by humans when they
    breed favorable traits, and is not natural
    selection.
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24
Q

Mutation

A

new alleles could be introduced to
the population with genetic mutations.

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25
Diploidy
Diploid organisms have two copies of each chromosome.
26
Outbreeding
mating with unrelated partners results in mixing of different alleles and creating new allele combinations.
27
Balanced polymorphism
the maintenance of different phenotypes in a population. One phenotype is usually the best and thus has increased allele frequency.
28
Hybrid vigor (heterosis)
superior quality of offspring resulting from crosses between two different inbred strains, species, or varieties of organisms.
29
Frequency-dependent selection (minority advantage)
occurs when least common phenotypes have a selective advantage.
30
Neutral variation
these are variations that are passed down without any selective value, such as fingerprints in humans.
31
Geographic variation
variation of a species is dependent on climate or geographic conditions. A
32
Gene flow
- the introduction and removal of alleles from the population when individuals leave (emigration) or enter the population.
33
Genetic drift
the random increase and decrease of an allele by chance. Genetic drift has a larger effect on small populations.
34
Founder effect
when a small group of individuals migrate to a new location, the gene pool of the small group will be less than the original population. After successive generations, the genetic makeup will be unique from the original population.
35
Bottleneck effect
occurs when the population undergoes a dramatic decrease in size due to natural catastrophes or other events. The population is now vulnerable to genetic drift, and the gene pool is much smaller.
36
Hardy-Weinberg Equation:
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 (all individuals sum to 100%) p + q = 1 (all alleles sum to 100%)
37
p (Hardy-Weinberg Equation:)
frequency of the dominant allele
38
q (HW)
frequency of the recessive allele
39
p2 (HW)
frequency of homozygous dominant individuals
40
q2
frequency of homozygous recessive individuals
41
2pq
frequency of heterozygous individuals
42
Allopatric speciation
- this speciation occurs when the population is divided by a geographic barrier.
43
Dispersal
the group is isolated by being physically removed from the original location of the larger group
44
Vicariance
- the group is isolated by a geographic barrier but is in the same overall location of the larger group
45
Sympatric speciation
this is the formation of new species without the presence of geographic barriers.
46
Polymorphism
A population of insects has different colors. One color can camouflage to different substrates, but the insects in other colors cannot and will be eaten. Only insects with the advantageous color will mate as they are the ones that survive. The insects with this specific advantageous color are now isolated from other subpopulations
47
Polyploidy
possessing more than the normal two sets of chromosomes, such as 3n or 4n, is considered polyploidy. This can lead to reproductive isolation, such as in plants.
48
Autopolyploidy
when an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes, both of which are from the same parental species
49
Allopolyploidy
when a organism has more than two sets of chromosomes, but they come from different species
50
Hybridization
- two different closely related species mate and produce a hybrid along a geographic boundary called a hybrid zone
51
Adaptive radiation
the rapid evolution of many species from a single ancestor.
52
Prezygotic isolation
this type of isolation prevents fertilization before mating is attempted, and so a zygote is not formed.
53
Habitat isolation
species do not encounter each other because they live in different habitats, even if they live in the same geographical area
54
Temporal isolation
- species reproduce at different seasons/times
55
Behavioral isolation
some species will not reproduce with each other if they do not perform the correct courtship rituals
56
Mechanical isolation
occurs when male and female genitalia are not compatible
57
Gametic isolation
male and female gametes do not recognize each other. The male gametes also may not survive in the environment of the female gametes
58
Postzygotic isolation
if a zygote does form, there are postzygotic methods to maintain reproductive isolation.
59
Hybrid inviability
the zygote fails to develop properly and dies before reaching reproductive maturity
60
Hybrid sterility
hybrids become functional adults but cannot reproduce
61
Hybrid breakdown
hybrids produce offspring that have reduced viability/ fertility. The hybrid’s children cannot reproduce
62
Divergent evolution
this type of evolution occurs when two or more species that originated from a common ancestor become increasingly different over time as a result of speciation.
63
Convergent evolution
type of evolution occurs when two unrelated species evolve to share more similar traits due to adapting to a similar environment (analogous traits).
64
Parallel evolution
this type of evolution occurs when two related species make similar evolutionary changes after their divergence from a common ancestor.
65
Coevolution
occurs between two species. Each causes the other one to evolve, which results in the evolution of both species.
66
Phyletic gradualism
this theory says that evolution occurs by the gradual accumulation of small changes.
67
Punctuated equilibrium
says that evolutionary history consists of geologically long periods of stasis (stability) with little or no evolution followed by geologically short periods of rapid evolution.
68
Timeline
1. Earth and the atmosphere formed through volcanoes 2. Primordial seas formed 3. Complex molecules were synthesized 4. Polymers formed and self-replicated 5. Organic molecules became protobionts 6. Primitive heterotrophic prokaryotes formed 7. Primitive autotrophic prokaryotes formed 8. Ozone layer formed which ended abiotic chemical evolution 9. Eukaryotes formed
69
Vestigial structures
structures that appear to be useless but had ancestral function. For example, humans have vestigial appendixes and tails, horses have vestigial splints, and pythons have vestigial reduced leg bones
70
Mullerian mimicry
- two or more harmful species that are not closely related but share one or more common predators, have come to mimic each other's warning signals
71
Batesian mimicry
- this is slightly different from Mullerian mimicry in that a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species directed at a common predator
72
Parapatric speciation
occurs without a geographic barrier, so the population is continuous, but it still does not mate randomly.
73
Peripatric speciation
this is very similar to allopatric speciation in that a population is isolated and prevented from exchanging genes from the “main” one, but one of the populations is much smaller than the other, so it is subject to accelerated genetic drift along with differing selection pressures
74
Anagenesis/phyletic evolution
the gradual evolution of a species without any branching; it is a straight path of evolution
75
Cladistics
method of classification according to the proportion of measurable characteristics held in common between two organisms. The more characteristics they share, the more recently they diverged from common ancestor
76
Clade
a group of species that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants. A clade is also known as a monophylum
77
Sere
a particular stage of an ecosystem
78
Mold
an organic matter that leaves an impression in rocks or in inorganic matter. Later, the organic matter decays and leaves a negative impression
79
Cast
a type of fossil formed when a mold is filled in
80
Deme
- a small local population of the same species that regularly interbreed.
81
Autotrophic anaerobes
chemosynthetic bacteria
82
Autotrophic aerobes
green plants and photoplankton
83
Heterotrophic anaerobes
- yeast
84
Heterotrophic aerobes
amoebas, earthworms, and humans
85
Symbiosis
- a relationship between two species.
86
Mutualistic
the relationship is beneficial to both species
87
Commensalism
the relationship is beneficial to one species and neutral to the other species
88
Parasitism
the relationship is beneficial to one species but detrimental to the other species
89
Synapomorphies
shared traits derived from an evolutionary ancestor common to all members of a group
90
Analogous traits
similar characteristics resulting from convergent evolution, therefore they are not derived from a common ancestor
91
Law of parsimony
this is also known as Occam’s Razor, which states that the simplest explanation is most likely correct.
92
Monophyletic
the ancestral species and all its descendants
93
Paraphyletic
- the ancestral species and some but not all descendants
94

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