DAT Final Random info

Question 1

Prokaryotic cells can further be
categorized into two domains:

Answer 1

Bacteria
b. Archaea

Question 2

Prokaryotic genomes are…

Answer 2

similar in size

Question 3

eukaryotic genomes are…

Answer 3

typically larger in size

Question 4

bacterial cells wall

Answer 4

composed of peptidoglycan, a
carbohydrate and protein polymer that
encompasses the whole bacterial cell and
allows for anchoring

Question 5

RNA polymerase bacteria

Answer 5

1 single type of RNA poly

Question 6

do bacteria contain histones or chromatin

Answer 6

no

Question 7

Pfu polymerase

Answer 7

polymerase
found in thermophile archaeans that
is used in PCR because of its
stability and accuracy in high
temperatures

Question 8

Methanogens

Answer 8

archaeal organisms that
release methane as a byproduct.

Question 9

Cell wall archaea

Answer 9

archaea cell walls do not
contain peptidoglycan

Question 10

Histones

Answer 10

positively charged, basic
proteins that provide structural support to
help organize and condense negatively
charged DNA

Question 11

bond between positively charged
histones and negatively charged DNA

Answer 11

ionic bond

Question 12

Transcriptome

Answer 12

the entire set of
mRNA expressed by a cell

Question 13

Proteome

Answer 13

• the entire set of proteins
  expressed by a cell

Question 14

Exons

Answer 14

coding DNA regions for
polypeptides

Question 15

Introns

Answer 15

• non-coding regions in
  DNA that lay within gene sequences,
  between exons

Question 16

Regulatory sequences

Answer 16

control
the expression of genes by serving as
binding sites for regulatory proteins

Question 17

Telomeres

Answer 17

repetitive DNA
sequences the ends chromosomes
that prevent the loss of genetic
information during multiple cycles
of cell replication

Question 18

Transposable elements

Answer 18

stretches of DNA that can move from
one region of the genome to another

Question 19

Retrotransposons

Answer 19

move with the
copy and paste method via an RNA
intermediate

Question 20

DNA methylation

Answer 20

addition of
methyl (-CH3) groups to the
nitrogenous bases on a DNA strand.
DNA methylation results in decreased
gene expression

Question 21

Histone acetylation

Answer 21

addition of
an acetyl (-CH3CO) group to an
amino acid (lysine) found in the
histone tails that protrude from the
histone core

Question 22

Prader-Willi Syndrome

Answer 22

deletion or mutation of the paternal
copies of the genes. (chromosome 15)

Question 23

Angelman Syndrome

Answer 23

copies of these genes inherited
from the mother are expressed, while
the copies on the paternal chromosome
are imprinted (silenced/not expressed). (chromosome 15)

Question 24

Pattern I development

Answer 24

males during colder temperatures
and females in warmer
temperatures (turtles)

Question 25

Pattern II development

Answer 25

female offspring during low and high temperatures, but male offspring during intermediate temperatures

Question 26

Capsid

Answer 26

surrounding the nucleic acids of the virus is a protein coat called the capsid which protects the viral genome

Question 27

Capsomeres

Answer 27

smaller protein units that the capsid is composed of

Question 28

Viral envelope

Answer 28

membranous outer layer that can improve the ability of a virus to infect its host

Question 29

structure of a phage

Answer 29

nucleic acid, capsid head, protein tail

Question 30

lytic cycle

Answer 30

phage infects and then actively replicates in the host cell before lysing the host to release viral progeny.

Question 31

lysogenic cycle

Answer 31

the phage does not actively create new copies of itself. Instead it integrates its genome into the host genome and continues to have its genome replicated when the host cell divides.

Question 32

Prions

Answer 32

mis-folded proteins that are infectious and cause other proteins to mis-fold.

Question 33

Viroids

Answer 33

simple molecules of circular single-stranded RNA that infect plants

Question 34

RNA polymerase I

Answer 34

i. Located in the nucleolus ii. Synthesizes the majority of rRNAs. a. Note, rRNA molecules are described as being structural RNAs. This is because they are not translated into proteins, but they do perform cellular roles

Question 35

RNA polymerase II

Answer 35

located in nucleus ii. Responsible for transcribing most eukaryotic genes iii. Synthesizes ALL protein coding pre-mRNAs a. Note that pre-mRNA must be processed to mRNA after transcription, but prior to translation

Question 36

RNA polymerase III

Answer 36

i. Located in the nucleus ii. Transcribes various structural RNA molecules, such as small nuclear pre-RNAs and pre-tRNAs (pre- transfer RNAs)

Question 37

Promoter:

Answer 37

A segment of DNA where RNA polymerase binds in order to initiate transcription.

Question 38

“Downstream”

Answer 38

describes the direction of transcription.

Question 39

“Upstream”

Answer 39

describes the direction opposite of transcription.

Question 40

siRNAs

Answer 40

similar to miRNAs in terms of how they are produced, however, siRNAs are formed from long, double-stranded RNA molecules as opposed to single- stranded RNA molecules in miRNA.

Question 41

tRNA molecules

Answer 41

function to “translate” the genetic message that was written in the language of mRNA into a protein’s native language.

Question 42

Bound Ribosomes:

Answer 42

either bound to the cytosolic side of the rough endoplasmic reticulum or at the nuclear envelope.

Question 43

Bound Ribosomes function

Answer 43

synthesizing proteins that become part of the endomembrane system.

Question 44

Free Ribosomes function

Answer 44

Create cytosolic proteins that remain functioning in the cytosol.