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Instrument - Aviation Acronyms/Terms Defined Flashcards

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0
Q

VFR night (91.205C)

What is the night flight requirements?

A

Flaps

F. Fuses (one full set, 3 of each kind)

L. Landing light (for hire)

A. Anti-collision lights

P. Position lights

S. Source of electrical power

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1
Q

What is the VFR Instrument & Equipment required (91.205B) (91.205d)

A

Tomato flames

T.    Tachometer 
O.    Oil pressure gauge 
M.    Magnetic compass 
A.     Air speed indicator
T.     Temperature gauge (liquid cooled)
O.     Oil temp gauge (air cooled)
F.      Fuel gauges 
L.      Landing gear position lights
A.      Altimeter
M.     Manifold pressure gauges (altitude engine)
E.      ELT
S.      Seat belts
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2
Q

What are the minimum equipment required for instrument flight?

A

Grab Cardd

G. Generator/Alternator
R. Radio (2 way comm and nav)
A. Altimeter
B. Ball (inclinometer)

C.     Clock (sweeping hands or digital presentation)
A.      Attitude indicator 
R.      Rate of turn indicator 
D.      Directional Gyro
D.      DME above FL240
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3
Q

What are the required documents for an airplane?

A

Arrow

A. Airworthiness certificate

R. Registration

R. Radio license (intl. only)

O. Operating limitations (placards, POH)

W. Weight and balance

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4
Q

What is required for an airplane to be considered airworthy or to have aircraft airworthiness?

A

Aviates

A. Annual inspection

V. VOR (checked every 30 days)

I. 100 hour inspections (for hire only)

A. AD’s (one and recurring)

T. Transponder (inspected every 24 months)

E. ELT (12 months, 1/2 shelf life of battery, 1 cumulative hour of use)

S. Static System (groups pitot system and altimeter) (inspected every 24 months)

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5
Q

VOR equipment checks for IFR flight:

A
  • VOT: +/- 4 °. Published in A/FD, tune 108.0MHZ, 180 TO/360 FROM
  • Ground checkpoint: +/- 4 °, specific point on airport listed in A/FD
  • Airborne checkpoint: +/- 6 °, located over easily identifiable terrain or features on the ground, listed in A/FD
  • VOR/VOR: +/- 4 °, dual check in the air
  • VOR radial on airway centerline over identifiable ground point: +/- 6°
  • Radiated test signal by A & P only
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6
Q

What are the compass errors?

A

VDMONA

V-Variation (Truevs.Magnetic)

D-Deviation (magnetic interference)

M-Magnetic dip (pulls towards earth)

O-Oscillation (turbulence, combination)

N-Northerly Turning Errors (UNOS)

A-Acceleration Errors (ANDS)

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7
Q

What are the magnetic compass ACCELERATION ERRORS?

A

ANDS

A-Accelerate

N-North

D-Decelerate

S-South

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8
Q

What are the compass TURNING ERRORS?

A

UNOS

U-Undershoot

N-North

O-Overshoot

S-South

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9
Q

What are the LOST PROCEDURES?

A

5 C’s

C-Climb

C-Call/Communicate

C-Confess

C-Comply

C-Conserve

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10
Q

What is the procedure to execute a GO AROUND/MISSED APPROACH

A

5 C’s

C-Cram

C-Climb

C-Clean

C-Cool

C-Call

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11
Q

What is the procedure to HOLD?

A

5 T’s

T-Turn

T-Time

T-Twist

T-Throttle

T-Talk

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12
Q

What MUST KNOW FOR FLIGHT (91.103)

A

NWKRAF

N-NOTAMS

W-Weather

K-Known traffic delays

R-Runway Lengths

A-Alternates if needed

F-Fuel requirements (incl. alternate)

T-Takeoff/Landing Distances

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13
Q

What are the 3 ERRORS OF INSTRUMENT SCAN?

A

FOE

F-Fixation

O-Omission

E-Emphasis

FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS OF INST FLYING Instrument Cross Check
Instrument Interpretation Aircraft Control

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14
Q

What are the VOR service volumes and frequencies?

A
  • VHF Frequencies between 108.0-117.95 MHz
  • Terminal VOR: 1,000’-12,000’ 25NM radius
  • Low Altitude VOR: 1,000’-18,000’ 40NM radius

-High Altitude VOR: 1,000’-14,500’ 40NM; 14,500’-18,000’ 100NM; 18,000’-45,000’ 130NM; 45,000’-60,000’
100NM radius

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15
Q

What are the MODE C TRANSPONDER REQUIREMENTS (91.215)?

A
  • Class A, B, and C airspace
  • Within 30 NM of class B
  • Above the ceiling within the lateral boundaries of class B or class C up to 10,000’ MSL
  • ALL airspace at and above 10,000’ MSL, excluding that airspace below 2,500’ AGL
  • ***there are a couple more less obvious ones, but these are the main ones we will deal with on a daily basis
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16
Q

What is the decide model?

A

DECIDE

D. Detect

E. Estimate

C. Choose

I. Identify

D. Do

E. Evaluate

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17
Q

What is the “I’am safe” acronym stand for?

A

I. Illness

M. Medication

S. Stress

A. Alcohol

F. Fatigue

E. Emotion/eating

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18
Q

How do you write an IFR CLEARANCE?

A

(this is how we copy and read back our clearance once received)

C-Clearance limit

R-Route of flight

A-Altitude

F-Frequency for Departure

T-Transponder code

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19
Q

Define a MEA?

A

MEA: Minimum En-route Altitude is the lowest published altitude between radio fixes that guarantees adequate
navigational signal reception and obstruction clearance of 1,000’ in non mountainous and 2,000’ in mountainous terrain.

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20
Q

Define a MOCA?

Study These Flashcards
A

MOCA:Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude. Ensures reliable navigation only within 22 NM of facility and
obstacle clearance.

21
Q

Define a MAA?

Study These Flashcards
A

MAA: Maximum Authorized Altitude. Max usable altitude or flight level for an airspace structure or route segment
for which adequate reception of navigation aid signals are assured.

22
Q

Define a MRA?

Study These Flashcards
A

MRA: Minimum Reception Altitude. Lowest altitude at which an intersection can be determined.

23
Q

Define a MCA?

Study These Flashcards
A

MCA: Minimum Crossing Altitude. The lowest altitude at certain fixes at which an aircraft must cross when
proceeding in the direction of a higher minimum en route IFR altitude.

24
Define a OROCA (NOS)?
OROCA (NOS): Off Route Obstacle Clearance Altitude. Provides obstacle clearance of 1,000 and 2,000, but may not provide signal coverage from ground based nav aids, ATC radar, or communications.
25
Define a MSA?
MSA: Minimum Safe/Sector Altitudes. Found on approach plates and provides 1000’ terrain clearance within 22NM of the airport, used for emergency purposes.
26
What should you do if you lose communications while in VFR conditions?
VFR (91.185b): If the failure occurs in VFR conditions, or if VFR conditions are encountered after the failure, each pilot shall continue the flight under VFR and land as soon as practicable.
27
What should you do if you lose communications and IMC conditions on an IFR flight plan in respect to ALTITUDE?
IFR (91.185c(1&2)): ALTITUDE-fly the highest of these in this order: M-Minimum Enroute Altitude E-Expected altitude A-Assigned
28
What should you do if you lose communications and IMC conditions on an IFR flight plan in respect to ROUTE?
ROUTE-fly in order of: AVEF A-Assigned V-Vectored E-Expected F-Filed
29
WHAT REPORTS MUST ALWAYS BE MADE TO ATC?
MATHCALLS M-Missed Approach A-Altitude Changes VFR on top T-True Airspeed change +/- 10 knots or 5% H-Holding: time and altitude when entering or leaving the holding fix C-Cannot maintain a 500fpm climb/descent A-altitude and time when at holding fix or CLEARANCE LIMIT L-Leaving an assigned altitude L-Lost comm. nav, equipment S-Safety of flight, including un-forecasted weather
30
What REPORTS MADE WHEN NOT IN RADAR CONTACT?
- Compulsory reporting points - Inbound at Final Approach Fix (FAF) or Outer Marker (OM) - ETA error of 3 minutes or more
31
POSITION REPORTS SHOULD INCLUDE?
IPTANES ``` I-ID P-Position T-Time & Type of flight plan A-Altitude N-Name of next fix E-ETA at that fix S-Supplemental Information ```
32
What should you expect on a NON PUBLISHED HOLDING PATTERN?
DFRATE ``` D- Direction of hold in relation to fix (ex: hold south of the ABC fix) (redundant) F- Fix R- Radial of hold A- Altitude T- Turns (right or left) E- EFC time ```
33
What should you expect for a PUBLISHED hold?
DFE D- Direction of hold in relation to fix F-Fix E- EFC time
34
WHAT ARE THE MAXIMUM HOLDING AIRSPEEDS?
- Up to 6000’ = 200 KIAS - 6001’-14,000’ = 230 KIAS - 14,001’- above = 265 KIAS
35
Describe a LOCALIZER APPROACH.
- provides course guidance, audibly identified by a three letter designator - localizer course width normally 5°, 2.5° each side of centerline for full deflection - located opposite the approach end of the runway - transmits signal 18 NM from antenna up to an altitude of 4500 above antenna site - transmits 108.1-111.95MHz
36
Describe a LOCALIZER BACK COURSE.
- No glide slope on back course. - When flying with an HSI, there is no difference in how set up our instruments and fly the approach. IF flying with a VOR we can receive reverse sensing. To counter this, set your needle to the inbound course of the localizer front course, and fly the tail of the needle. This will be normal sensing.
37
Describe a LOCALIZER TYPE DIRECTIONAL AID (LDA).
-Comparable utility and accuracy of a localizer, but not part of an ILS. (some have a glide slope) -Course width is between 3°-6° -Not aligned with the runway, but straight in minimums may be published where the angle between the runway centerline and LDA course does not exceed 30° -Identifier is 3 letters preceded by an I. EX: I-ABC
38
Describe a SIMPLIFIED DIRECTIONAL FACILITY (SDF)
-Provides course guidance similar to an ILS, however is less precise and may or may not be aligned with the runway -Course width is fixed at either 6° or 12° -Identified by three letters w/o an I preceding it. EX: ABC -Usable off course indications limited to 35° either side of course centerline. If you are more than 35° from course centerline, disregard any instrument indications until within limitations of 35°
39
Describe a VOR APPROACH.
- Full scale deflection = 10° each side of centerline, 20° total - Step down fixes defined using DME or radials
40
Describe a GPS APPROACH.
-Put the GPS in GPS mode (out of VLOC) -Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) must be maintained throughout the approach in order to continue, by final approach fix the GPS must sequence into approach mode (APR) - Sensitivity of the GPS = 5 miles en-route, 1 mile terminal, and .3 miles in approach mode - Can only file to an airport where the only approach is a GPS approach if you have filed for an alternate airport that has something other than GPS. - Constellation: • 24 satellites, minimum of 5 needed for RAIM • 4 satellites needed for 3D positioning
41
Describe a CIRCLING APPROACH.
If approach course is not aligned within 30° of the runway, only circling minimums will be published
42
What is the purpose of a STAR?
STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL ROUTE STAR- simplifies clearances, provides guidance from en-route to approach to destination. - Must have at least a textual or graphic depiction in order to perform. - If you don’t want a STAR, write “NO STAR” in remarks section of flight plan.
43
What are the SEGMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT APPROACH?
- INITIAL: aligns aircraft with approach course, begins at IAF - INTERMEDIATE: Designed primarily to position your aircraft for the final descent to the airport. - FINAL: navigate from this point to DH or MDA. Gear down before landing checklist w/in 2 miles of this point (or 1⁄2 dot ILS) - MISSED: Begins at MAP (missed approach point) by: DH, time, Middle Marker, DME, Runway (GPS)
44
How do you DETERMINE APPROACH CATEGORY?
- Approach category’s are determined off of the aircrafts approach speed. If none is published, then 1.3 Vso - If you are ever between two category’s, or on the border between them, always use the higher category - Timed missed approaches however are based off of ground speed, not approach speed which is indicated
45
What makes a PRECISION APPROACH?
- Includes both course guidance with a localizer, and altitude guidance with a glide slope, as well as DME. - DH=Decision height (proceed to land or go missed). This is the missed approach point in an ILS approach
46
What the components of an INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM (ILS)?
Localizer • located opposite the approach end of the runway • transmits 108.1-111.95MHz • transmits signal 18 NM from antenna up to an altitude of 4500 above antenna site • full scale deflection =2.5° (4 times more sensitive than a VOR) • width of signal = 3°-6°
47
What is a PARALLEL ILS APPROACH?
Conducted if centerline are at least 2500’ apart, aircraft separated by 1.5 miles diagonally
48
Describe a NON PRECISION APPROACH.
- Will provide course guidance, but no glide slope or altitude guidance. - MDA = Minimum Descent altitude. This is the altitude which we can only descend from if requirements of 91.175 are met. This is not the missed approach point like DH is on a precision approach, but the altitude at which the missed approach will be located.
49
Describe a DME ARC APPROACH.
Track inbound on a radial that will intercept the DME arc at approximately 90°

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