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From Flashcardlet > Med Term 8 > Flashcards

Med Term 8 Flashcards

1
Q

blast/o

A

germ or bud

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2
Q

-blast

A

germ or bud

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3
Q

chrom/o

A

color

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4
Q

chromat/o

A

color

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5
Q

chyl/o

A

juice

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6
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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7
Q

hemat/o

A

blood

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8
Q

immun/o

A

safe

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9
Q

lymph/o

A

clear fluid

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10
Q

morph/o

A

form

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11
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow (or spinal cord)

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12
Q

phag/o

A

eat or swallow

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13
Q

plas/o

A

formation

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14
Q

reticul/o

A

net

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15
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

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16
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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17
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

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18
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of the blood and lymph containing water, proteins, salts, nutrients, hormones, vitamins, and cellular components

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19
Q

serum

A

liquid portion of blood left after the clotting process

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20
Q

erythrocyte

A

red blood cell that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide within the bloodstream

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21
Q

hemoglobin

A

protein-iron compound contained in the erythrocyte that has bonding capabilities for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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22
Q

leukocyte

A

white blood cell that protects the body from invasion of harmful substances

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23
Q

granulocytes

A

group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm

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24
Q

neutrophil

A

granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria

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25
Q

polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)

A

another term for neutrophil, named for the many segments present in its nucleus

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26
Q

band

A

immature neutrophil

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27
Q

eosinophil

A

granular leukocyte, named for the rose color stain of its granules, that increases with allergy and some infections

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28
Q

basophil

A

granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues

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29
Q

agranulocytes

A

group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei

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30
Q

lymphocyte

A

agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity

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31
Q

What are the four lymphocytes?

A

T cells, B cells, NK cells, K-type cells

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32
Q

monocyte

A

agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection

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33
Q

platelets

A

thromobocytes; cell fragments in the blood essential for blood clotting (coagulation)

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34
Q

thymus

A

primary gland of lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum; helps maintain the body’s immune response by producing T lymphocytes

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35
Q

spleen

A

organ between stomach and diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides the environment for the initiation of immune responses by lymphocytes

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36
Q

lymph

A

fluid originating in the organs and tissues of the body that is circulated through the lymph vessels

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37
Q

lymph capillaries

A

microscopic vessels that draw lymph from the tissues to the lymph vessels

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38
Q

lymph vessels

A

vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes

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39
Q

lacteals

A

specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine the absorb fat into the bloodstream

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40
Q

chyle

A

white or pale yellow substance of the lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals

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41
Q

lymph nodes

A

many small oval structures that filter the lymph received from the lymph vessels - major locations include the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions

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42
Q

lymph ducts

A

collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins

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43
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

receives lymph from the upper right part of the body

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44
Q

thoracic duct

A

receives lymph from the left sides of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities

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45
Q

antigen

A

substance that, when introduced ingot he body, causes the formation of antibodies against it

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46
Q

antibody

A

substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body

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47
Q

immunoglobulins (Ig)

A

protein antibodies secreted by B lymphocytes that protect the body from invasion of foreign pathogens

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48
Q

What are the five major immunoglobulins?

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM

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49
Q

immunity

A

process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen

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50
Q

active immunity

A

immunity that protects the body against a future infection, as the result of antibodies that develop naturally after contracting an infection or artificially after administration of a vaccine

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51
Q

passive immunity

A

immunity resulting from antibodies that are conveyed naturally through the placenta to a fetus or artificially by injection of a serum containing antibodies

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52
Q

microcytosis

A

presence of small red blood cells

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53
Q

macrocytosis

A

presence of large red blood cells

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54
Q

anisocytosis

A

presence of red blood cells of unequal size

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55
Q

poikilocytosis

A

presence of large, irregularly shaped red blood cells

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56
Q

reticulocytosis

A

increase of immature erythrocytes in the blood

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57
Q

erythropenia

A

abnormally reduced number of red blood cells

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58
Q

lymphocytopenia

A

abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes

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59
Q

neutropenia

A

decrease in the number of neutrophils

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60
Q

pancytopenia

A

abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood

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61
Q

hemolysis

A

breakdown of the red blood cell membrane

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62
Q

immunocompromised

A

impaired immunological defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or therapy with immunosuppressive agents

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63
Q

immunosuppression

A

impaired ability to provide an immune response

64
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

the presence of enlarged, diseased lymph nodes

65
Q

splenomegaly

A

enlargement of the spleen

66
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurological diseases to develop; it is transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood

67
Q

anemia

A

condition in which there is a reduction in the number of red blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin, or the volume of packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of the red blood cells to transport oxygen to the tissues

68
Q

aplastic anemia

A

normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells

69
Q

iron deficiency anermia

A

microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron, affecting production of hemoglobin and characterized by small red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin

70
Q

pernicious anemia

A

macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing red blood cells to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number

71
Q

autoimmune disease

A

any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction or loss of function; rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples

72
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis

A

disorder that realists from the incompatibility of a fetus with an Rh positive blood factor and a mother who is Rh negative, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; necessitates a blood transfusion to save the fetus

73
Q

Rh factor

A

the presence, or lack, of antigens on the surface of red blood cells that may cause a reaction between the blood of the mother and fetus, resulting in fetal anemia

74
Q

Rh positive

A

presence of Rh antigens

75
Q

Rh negative

A

lack of Rh antigens

76
Q

hemochromatosis

A

hereditary disorder that results in an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body

77
Q

hemophilia

A

group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which there is a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood

78
Q

leukemia

A

chronic or acute malignant disease of the blood forming organs, marked by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow; classified according to the types of white cells affected

79
Q

myelodysplasia

A

disorder within the bone marrow characterized by the proliferation of abnormal stem cells; usually develops into a specific type of leukemia

80
Q

lymphoma

A

any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin disease

81
Q

metastasis

A

process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to distant organs

82
Q

mononucleosis

A

condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood, along with enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, and sore throat

83
Q

polycythemia

A

increase in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood

84
Q

septicemia

A

systemic disease caused by the infection of microorganisms and their toxins in the circulation blood

85
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

bleeding disorder characterized by an abnormal decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, which impairs the clotting process

86
Q

blood chemistry

A

test of the fluid portion of blood to measure the presence of a chemical constituent

87
Q

blood chemistry panels

A

specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry tests performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or conditions

88
Q

basic metabolic panel

A

battery of tests used as a general screen for disease; calcium, carbon dioxide, chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

89
Q

comprehensive metabolic panel

A

tests in addition to basic metabolic panel for expanded screening purposes: albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, ALT, and AST

90
Q

blood culture

A

test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms; the specimen is observed and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified

91
Q

CD4 cell count

A

measure of the number of CD4 cells (subset of T lymphocytes) in the blood; used in monitoring the course of HIV and timing the treatment of AIDS; normal adult range is 600-1500 cells

92
Q

complete blood count

A

most common laboratory blood test performed as a screen of general health of for diagnostic purposes

93
Q

What is included in a CBC?

A

white blood count, red blood count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit

94
Q

white blood count

A

count of the number of white blood cells per cubic millimeter obtained by manual or automated laboratory methods

95
Q

red blood count

A

count of the number of red blood cells per cubic millimeter obtained by manual or automated laboratory methods

96
Q

hemoglobin (HGB or Hgb) (in CBC)

A

test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin, expressed in grams

97
Q

hematocrit (HCT)

A

measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood

98
Q

blood indices

A

calculation of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentration and content of red blood cells for classification of anemia

99
Q

mean corpuscular (cell) volume (MCV)

A

calculation of the volume of individual cells in cubic microns using HCT and RBC results
MCV = HCT/RBC

100
Q

mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin (MCH)

A

calculation of the content in weight of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell using HGB and RBC results
MCH = HGB/RBC

101
Q

mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

A

calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each red blood cell using HGB and HCT results
MCHC = HGB/HCT

102
Q

differential count

A

determination of the number of each type of white blood cell seen on a stained blood smear; each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examined

103
Q

percentage of lymphocytes?

A

25-33%

104
Q

percentage of monocytes?

A

3-7%

105
Q

percentage of neutrophils?

A

54-75%

106
Q

percentage of eosinophils?

A

1-3%

107
Q

percentage of basophils?

A

0-1%

108
Q

red cell morphology

A

as part of identifying and counting the WBCs, the condition of the size and shape of the red blood cells in the background of the smeared slide is noted

109
Q

platelet count (PLT)

A

calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood; normal range 150,000-450,000/cubic millimeters

110
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

timed test to measure the rate at which red blood cells settle or fall through a given volume of plasma

111
Q

partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

A

test to determine coagulation defects such as platelet disorders

112
Q

thromboplastin

A

substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation

113
Q

prothrombin time (PT)

A

test to measure the activity of prothrombin in the blood

114
Q

prothrombin

A

protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process

115
Q

venipuncture

A

incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing (aka phlebotomy)

116
Q

bone marrow aspiration

A

needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathological examination

117
Q

bone marrow biopsy

A

pathological examination of bone marrow tissue

118
Q

lymphangiogram

A

an x-ray image of a lymph node or vessel taken after injection of a contrast medium

119
Q

computed tomography (CT)

A

full body x-ray CT images are used to detect tumors and cancers such as lymphoma

120
Q

postron emission tomography (PET)

A

radionuclide scans, especially of the whole body, are useful in determining the recurrence of cancers or to measure response to therapy; commonly used in evaluating lymphoma

121
Q

bone marrow transplant

A

transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production

122
Q

lymphadenectomy

A

removal of a lymph node

123
Q

lymphadenotomy

A

incision into a lymph node

124
Q

lymph node dissection

A

removal of possible cancer carrying lymph nodes for pathological examination

125
Q

splenectomy

A

removal of the spleen

126
Q

thymectomy

A

removal of the thymus gland

127
Q

blood transfusion

A

introduction of blood products into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner

128
Q

autologous blood

A

blood donated by, and stored for, a patient fror future personal use

129
Q

homologous blood

A

blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient

130
Q

blood component therapy

A

transfusion of specific blood components such as packed red blood cells, platelets, and plasma

131
Q

crossmatching

A

method of matching a donor’s blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility

132
Q

chemotherapy

A

treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents that destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce

133
Q

immunotherapy

A

use of biological agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body’s own defenses mechanisms; as seen in the treatment of AIDS, cancer, and allergy

134
Q

plasmapheresis

A

removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements

135
Q

anticoagulant

A

drug that prevents clotting of the blood

136
Q

hemostatic

A

drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessels

137
Q

vasoconstrictor

A

drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, decreasing blood flow

138
Q

vasodilator

A

drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, increasing blood flow

139
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

140
Q

ALT

A

alanine aminotransferase (enzyme)

141
Q

AST

A

aspartate aminotransferase (enzyme)

142
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen

143
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

144
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

145
Q

ESR

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

146
Q

HCT

A

hematocrit

147
Q

HGB

A

hemoglobin

148
Q

Ig

A

immunoglobulin

149
Q

MCH

A

mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin

150
Q

MCHC

A

mean corpuscular (cell) hemoglobin concentration

151
Q

MCV

A

mean corpuscular (cell) volume

152
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

153
Q

PLT

A

platelet count

154
Q

PMN

A

polymorphonuclear leukocyte

155
Q

PT

A

prothrombin time

156
Q

PTT

A

partial thromboplastin time

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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