Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

From Flashcardlet > Micro Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Micro Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three processes that cells use to make ATP?

A
  1. Phototrophy
  2. Respiration
  3. Fermentation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two mechanisms that occur during respiration?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What mechanism does fermentation use?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

ATP is synthesized directly from energy rich intermediates; the ETC is not involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP is synthesized as the result of the ETC driven by the oxidation of a chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The electron flow of the ETC generates a proton motive force which fuels ATP production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the source of the electrons that flow through the ETC?

A

The electron donor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does pumping H+ across the membrane create?

A

H+ gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does an H+ gradient create?

A

A proton motive force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the proton motive force create?

A

Potential energy that fuels ATP production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the initial electron donor of a chemoorganotroph?

A

Organic electron donors like glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the initial electron donor of a chemolithotroph?

A

Inorganic electron donor like H2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the TEA for aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the TEA for anaerobic respiration?

A

Anything but O2 - NO3, SO4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What molecule gets respired during respiration?

A

The electron donor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is glucose completely oxidized to during aerobic respiration?

A

CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the three steps of aerobic respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Intermediate stage
  3. Krebs cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the three names for the last step of aerobic respiration?

A

Krebs cycle, TCA, Citric acid cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the equation for the aerobic respiration of glucose?

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

The cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the most common pathway used during glycolysis (two names)?

A

Embden-Meyerhof pathway - the pyruvate pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Does glycolysis need oxygen to occur?

A

No, it occurs in the presence or absence of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two steps of glycolysis?

A

The initial 6 Carbon step and the secondary 3 Carbon step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens during the initial 6 carbon step of glycolysis?

A

ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose twice, resulting in a glucose molecule with a high energy phosphate on each end
The 6 carbon glucose then splits into two 3 carbon molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens during the second 3 carbon step of glycolysis?

A

The 3 carbon molecules are oxidized, substrate level phosphorylation occurs to produce ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What molecule acts as the electron acceptor during the second step of glycolysis?

A

NAD is reduced to NADH+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the net gain of glycolysis?

A

2ATP, 2NADH+, 2 pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the fate of pyruvate?

A

It continues on in respiration and is respired fully to CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do the carbon molecules look like in the second step of glycolysis before SLP?

A

P~CCC CCC~P

~P=high energy bond that is broken and phosphate used to order to form ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the formula for glycolysis?

A

Glucose + 2ADP + 2P(i) + 2NAD+ –> 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What happens to pyruvate during the intermediate stage of glycolysis?

A

2 Pyruvate yields 2 acetyl coA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What steps occur during the intermediate stage of glycolysis?

A

The decarboxylation step and oxidation step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens during the decarboxylation step of the intermediate stage?

A

The 3 carbon pyruvates turn into 2 carbon acetates and 2 CO2 are released (per glucose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What happens during the oxidation step of the intermediate stage?

A

Acetate is oxidized and NAD+ is reduced to NADH; Coenzyme A is attached to the acetate to form acetyl coA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What happens at the end of the intermediate stage of glycolysis?

A

The 2 acetyl coA formed continue onto the Krebs cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where does the TCA occur?

A

The matrix of the mitochondria in eukarya and the cytoplasm in prokarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

For each glucose, how many times does the Krebs cycle turn?

A

Two times, one for each acetyl coA that enters the Krebs cycle

38
Q

What is yielded after the two turns of the TCA cycle?

A

4 CO2
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2

39
Q

What does TCA stand for?

A

Tricarboxylic acid

40
Q

What are the two functions of the citric acid cycle?

A
  1. To generate reduced coenzymes for the ETC

2. To provide organic intermediates for biosynthesis

41
Q

What happens to acetyl coA once the cycle has completed?

A

It is oxidized to CO2

42
Q

What steps are present during one turn of the Krebs cycle?

A

4 oxidation steps
2 decarboxylation steps
1 SLP step

43
Q

So far, from glycolysis to the TCA cycle, how many ATP has the cell generated from one glucose molecule?

A

4 ATP total

44
Q

So far, from glycolysis to the TCA cycle, what mechanism has been used to generate ATP?

A

SLP

45
Q

What mechanism produces the majority of the ATP generated during respiration of glucose?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

46
Q

What molecules are used as electron donors for ox phos and where did they come from?

A

NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis, intermediate stage, and Krebs cycle

47
Q

Why are membranes wavy?

A

They have many ETCs on them in different locations and the wavy membrane increases the surface area that H+ can be pumped across the membrane

48
Q

Do electron carriers consists of one molecule individually or many?

A

Many formed as a complex

49
Q

Where is the mushroom head of ATP synthase located?

A

In the matrix and the stem is embedded in the membrane

50
Q

What fuels ATP synthase?

A

The proton motive force created by H+ flowing back into the cell

51
Q

Is the periplasm/cytoplasm acidic/basic and positive/negative?

A

Periplasm - acidic and positive

Cytoplasm - basic and negative

52
Q

What mechanisms can the proton motive force fuel?

A
  1. ETC
  2. ATP synthesis
  3. Bacterial flagella rotation
  4. Active transport
53
Q

How does electron flow generate a proton motive force?

A
  1. Flavoproteins and quinones accept Hs (H+and e-) but only donate e- to the next carrier in the chain
  2. Some carriers diretcly pump H+ to the other side of the membrane
  3. In aerobic respiration, H+ is consumed when O2 is reduced
54
Q

What process drives ATP synthesis?

A

The diffusion of H+ back across the membrane, down the gradient

55
Q

What does ATP synthase catalyze?

A

ATP synthesis

56
Q

What is the fuel source for ATP synthase?

A

The proton motive force

57
Q

How does ATP synthase function? How is the function of ATP synthase homologous to the basal body of flagella?

A

As H+ flow through F0, the subunit rotates causing a conformational change in F1. As H+ flow through F1, the active site changes shape now allowing the substrates ADP and P to bind

As H+ flows through the base, it rotates just like the basal body of the flagella rotates to power the flagella.

58
Q

What is the theoretic maximum yield of ATP during aerobic respiration of glucose?

A

38 ATP

59
Q

What number do we get when we calculate the yield of ATP during aerobic respiration of glucose?

A

32 ATP

60
Q

What is yielded in the first three steps of respiration?

A

Glycolysis - 2 ATP and 2 NADH+
Intermediate - 2 CO2 and 2 NADH+
TCA - 2 ATP and 4 CO2, 6 NADH+ and 2 FADH2

61
Q

How many ATP are produced by SLP and during what steps are they produced?

A

4 ATP - 2 during glycolysis and 2 during Krebs

62
Q

How many NADH are produced and during what steps are they produced?

A

Glycolysis - 2
Intermediate - 2
Krebs - 6
Total - 10

63
Q

What is the ATP conversion factor for NADH?

A

For every NADH, about 2.5 ATP are produced

64
Q

How many ATP are produced from the NADH from glycolysis, intermediate, and TCA?

A

10 NADH x 2.5 = 25 ATP

65
Q

How many FADH2 are produced and during what steps are they produced?

A

2 - Krebs

66
Q

What is the ATP conversion factor for FADH2?

A

For every FADH2, about 1.5 ATP are produced

67
Q

How many ATP are produced from the FADH2 from glycolysis, intermediate, and TCA?

A

2 FADH2 from the TCA x 1.5 = 3 ATP

68
Q

Therefore, how many ATP are made during the aerobic respiration of glucose?

A

4 ATP (SLP) + 28 (ox phos - 25 NADH + 3 FADH2) = 32 ATP total

69
Q

Why does FADH2 make less ATP?

A

Because FADH2 donates electrons further down the ETC so it yields less ATP

70
Q

What domains anaerobically respire?

A

Mostly prokaryotes, Only a few eukaryotic protist and fungi (No plants or animals)

71
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration yield less ATP?

A

Aerobic respiration always yields more ATP because O2 is at the very bottom of the electron tower

72
Q

What are some common environments for anaerobic respiration?

A

Animals guts, soil, sediment, deep ocean

73
Q

What is the most common TEA used by bacteria and archaea during anaerobic respiration?

A

NO3 nitrate

74
Q

What are some environments where nitrate is found?

A

Any anaerobic environment

75
Q

What is nitrate fully reduced to?

A

NO3-NO2-NO-N2O-N2

76
Q

What is denitrification?

A

When nitrate is fully reduced to N2

77
Q

What enzyme partially reduces nitrate?

A

Nitrate reductase

78
Q

What is the waste product when nitrate reductase partially reduces NO3?

A

NO2

79
Q

What species of bacteria partially reduces nitrate?

A

E. coli

80
Q

What species of bacteria fully reduces nitrate? What materials does it use to do so?

A

Pseudomonas uses several different reductases to fully reduce NO3 to N2

81
Q

What is the environmental significance of denitrification?

A

Plants use nitrate as a nutrient to grow and are in competition with bacteria for NO3.
Denitrification means losing nitrate in the soil to N2 in the air. This is bad if the system is NO3 poor to begin with, and then plants can’t grow. If the soil is polluted due to overfertilization, denitrification is good because it stabilizes the NO3 levels

82
Q

What are three other common TEAs for anaerobic respiration?

A

SO4, CO2 and Fe+3

83
Q

What kind of bacteria and archaea use SO4 as their TEA?

A

Sulfate reducing bacteria and archaea

84
Q

What is SO4 reduced to?

A

H2S hydrogen sulfide

85
Q

In what environments is SO4 found?

A

High temperature environments like volcanoes or hot springs; Any marine system

86
Q

Why does sediment turn black in the marsh?

A

Because SO4 is reduced to H2S and the hydrogen sulfide produces the black color

87
Q

What type of bacteria and archaea use Fe+3 as their TEA?

A

Iron reducing bacteria and achaea

88
Q

In what environments is ferric iron found?

A

Soil, freshwater sediments, mud

89
Q

What is a special kind of iron reducing bacteria called and what does it use for its electron donor?

A

Geobacter uses organic carbon as its electron donor, like toxic organic chemicals from industry

90
Q

How does Geobacter aid in bioremediation?

A

It can use toxic metals as its TEA and convert them to nontoxic waste products while using toxic organic pollutants as its electron donor as well. Industries can feed their toxic wastes to Geobacter and the bacteria will produce CO2

91
Q

How can Geobacter create currents?

A

It can transfer electrons to the anodes of a battery to create a fuel cell, which makes a current and generates electricity

92
Q

What are the pili of Geobacter termed and what do they do?

A

They are called nanowires and they transfer the electrons from the cell to the battery

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions