Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

From Flashcardlet > Micro/Immuno 2 > Flashcards

Micro/Immuno 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What microbes have immunizations helped against?

A

Cellular pathogens and acellular viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the basic concept of an immunization?

A

Present the person with a form of the pathogen which has a high probability of inducing immunity, but very little or no probability of causing the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How did Edward Jenner start the smallpox vaccine?

A

In general, people realized if someone had smallpox and recovered, they did not get smallpox again.
Jenner realized that milkmaids got cowpox, but they never got smallpox.
He scraped pustules of people with smallpox/cowpox and injected it into a healthy person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the origin of the word vaccine?

A

Vaca - cow, from cowpox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Stimulates person’s own immune system to make memory cells and antibodies which can protect it and confer immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two types of active immunity?

A

Natural and artificial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is natural active immunity?

A

Getting the disease and recovering with immunity - antibodies and memory cells are made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

Vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is passive immunization?

A

When a person is given immunogenic chemicals or antibodies from another source that provides quick, temporary protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In what kind of immunity are memory cells formed?

A

Active (no memory cells formed in passive immunity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some examples of natural passive immunity?

A

Breast milk, colostrom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some examples of artificial passive immunity?

A

Antiserum, antitoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What makes a good vaccine?

A
  • High immunogeniticty
  • No or little pathogenicity
  • Stable for reasonable time period
  • Lowest cost possible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the types of vaccines?

A
  • Whole organism

- Subunit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two types of whole organism vaccines?

A

Living (attenuated)

Killed or inactivated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two types of subunit vaccines?

A

Toxoid - inactivated toxin

Recombinant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does a subunit vaccine contain?

A

Only part of a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a live attenuated virus?

A

Contains a weakened, mutated, or non virulent form of the pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the pro to using an attenuated vaccine?

A

High immunogenicity

Results in many memory cells being formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the cons to an attenuated vaccine?

A
  • May cause limited infections (without serious symptoms)

- Mutations may revert the pathogen back to the original, virulent form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of illnesses are usually prevented with attenuated vaccines?

A

Viral illnesses

not used much for prokaryotes because they are difficult to attenuate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a killed or inactivated vaccine killed with?

A

Heat or chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When do we use an inactivated vaccine as opposed to an attenuated vaccine?

A

When the pathogen cannot be attenuated or it is too dangerous as a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the pro to using an inactivated vaccine?

A

If is safer, the pathogen cannot revert to wild-type virulent form because it is dead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the con to using an inactivated vaccine?

A

Less immunogenic due to the denaturing of the antigen’s proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What might an inactivated vaccine require the use of along with it?

A

Booster shots periodically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What diseases are inactivated vaccines usually used against?

A

Many bacterial and some viral diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are boosters for?

A

We have a certain number of antigens in our body which can eventually die out. The booster stimulates them to produce more and keep active.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How often are boosters given?

A

5-10 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a recombinant vaccine?

A

Genetically engineered by taking the genes of a virus and putting it into something innocuous to replicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Do we use the whole organism in a recombinant vaccine?

A

No, just the antigens that stimulate immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Is using purified antigens in making a recombinant vaccine effective?

A

No, the antigen should be attached to something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the immunogenicity of recombinant vaccines?

A

Low immunogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are toxoids?

A

Inactivated toxins that induce antibody production against the toxin, but does not cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How do we inactivate a toxin?

A

Heat or chemical inactivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How do we make antibodies against a toxin if it is inactivated?

A

The toxin still has its antigens even if it is inactivated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is an adjuvant?

A

Substances administer with the vaccine that enhance the immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are common adjuvants?

A

Aluminum or aluminum salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What organism causes malaria?

A

Plasmodium

40
Q

What organism causes syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

41
Q

What is non-specific cellular immunostimulation?

A

Cytokines or other chemicals are used to stimulate the immune system in a general way

42
Q

What are some examples of non-specific cellular immunostimulation?

A
  • Interferons
  • Interleukins
  • BCG
43
Q

How long before the body develops antibodies from a vaccine?

A

7-10 days (that’s why we use passive immunity because in the mean time we can inject the person with antibodies)

44
Q

What is antimicrobial chemotherapy?

A

The use of chemotherapeutic agents to treat infectious disease

45
Q

What are the types of antimicrobial drugs?

A
  • Synthetic
  • Semisynthetic
  • Natural (antibiotics)
46
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Antimicrobial products made by one microorganism that inhibits or kills another microorganism

47
Q

What is a semisynthetic antimicrobial drug?

A

Antibiotics that are chemically modified in labs

48
Q

What type of microorganisms typically produce antibiotics?

A

Fungi and soil prokaryotes

49
Q

What is selective toxicity?

A

Killing the microbe but not the patient

50
Q

What is selective toxicity due to?

A

Drug binding to specific targets in the microorganism that are not present in the host

51
Q

What makes a good antimicrobial drug?

A
  • Selective toxicity
  • Soluble in body fluids
  • Minimal side effects
  • Low cost
  • Microbes do not develop resistance quickly
52
Q

Why are antibacterial drugs so effective?

A

Because there are many different targets in prokaryotes

53
Q

What is a broad spectrum drug?

A

Can effect gram positive and negative cells

54
Q

What is a narrow spectrum drug?

A

Can only effect gram positive OR gram negative cells

55
Q

What are five targets of antimicrobial drugs in prokaryotes?

A
  • Cell wall synthesis
  • Protein synthesis
  • Nucleic acid synthesis
  • Cell membrane function
  • Synthesis of metabolite
56
Q

What do antimicrobial drugs target in the cell wall?

A

Peptidoglycan

57
Q

How do antimicrobial drugs target the cell wall?

A

Target transpeptidase, the enzyme that cross links tetra peptides in the cell wall, weakening it, causing osmotic cell lysis

58
Q

What kind of antimicrobial drug targets transpeptidase?

A

Beta lactams

59
Q

What is the number one target in prokaryotes by antimicrobial drugs?

A

Protein synthesis - targeting ribosomes and RNA

60
Q

Name some antimicrobial drugs that target protein synthesis

A
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Tetracyclines
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Lincosamides
  • Erythromycin
  • Fusidic acid
61
Q

Name some antimicrobial drugs that target cell wall synthesis

A
  • Beta lactams
  • Glycopeptides
  • Cycloserine
  • Bacitracin
62
Q

Name an antimicrobial drug that targets cell membrane function

A

Polymixin

63
Q

Name some antimicrobial drugs that target nucleic synthesis

A
  • Sulfonamides
  • Trimethoprim
  • Quinolones
  • Rifampicin
64
Q

What does penicillin target? Therefore what kind of cell is it effective against?

A

Targets peptidoglycan - can easily target gram positive cells because they don’t have an outer membrane

65
Q

What does ampicillin target? Therefore what kind of cell is it effective against?

A

Targets peptidoglycan also, but developed to be able to get through a cell’s outer membrane so it is effective against gram negative cells too

66
Q

What is beta lactamase?

A

Microbes developed a form of resistance that cleaves the beta lactam ring, rendering beta lactams ineffective

67
Q

What did we develop in response to beta lactamase?

A

Methicillin

68
Q

What is a zone of inhibition?

A

When performing an antibiotic susceptibility test, we culture a plate and place an antibiotic disc on the plate to see if it is effective against the microbe (zone is the clear circle around the disc)

69
Q

Do viruses have more or less drug targets?

A

Less targets because they are simpler structures

70
Q

Are antiviral agents natural or synthetic?

A

Synthetic

71
Q

Why are there more side effects with antiviral agents?

A

Viruses replicate within our cells, so the drug must also enter our cells to work

72
Q

Why are viruses hard to keep effective agents against?

A

Because they mutate so quickly and can become resistant

73
Q

What stage do we target with antiviral drugs?

A

Replication stage of the virus

74
Q

What are the drug targets of viruses?

A
  • Adsorption
  • Penetration and uncoating
  • DNA/RNA synthesis
  • Protein synthesis
  • Assembly
75
Q

What is the problem with treating fungal infections?

A

Fungi are eukaryotes like humans, so we don’t want the targets to be the same as human cells

76
Q

What targets are found in fungi but not in humans?

A
  • Cell wall
  • Ergosterol synthesis
  • Different enzymes for nucleic acid and metabolite synthesis
77
Q

What is natural resistance?

A

A property of a species that is inherent prior to drug use

78
Q

What is natural resistance due to?

A

Due to absence of drug target or impermeability of the drug

79
Q

What is acquired resistance?

A

Resistance which develops in previously sensitive microorganisms

80
Q

What is acquired resistance due to?

A

Mutation or genetic exchange between microorganisms

81
Q

What are three types of genetic exchange?

A
  • Transformation
  • Conjugation
  • Transduction
82
Q

What does overuse of antibiotics lead to?

A

Provides selective pressure for antibiotic resistance

83
Q

What differences are seen between 1952 and 2002 in hospital infections?

A
  • Staph infections in 1952 were 95% penicillin SUSCEPTIBLE
  • Staph infections in 2002 were 95% penicillin RESISTANT
  • Streptococcus still has same susceptibility to penicillin
84
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

Pathogens pass the virulent gene onto offspring

85
Q

When does vertical transmission occur?

A

When the gene is on the chromosome

86
Q

What is horizontal transmission?

A

Pathogens pass virulent genes to other microbes in the area

87
Q

When does horizontal transmission occur?

A

When the gene is on a plasmid

88
Q

What is transformation?

A

Transfer of DNA and plasmids when a cell dies and releases its contents

89
Q

What is transduction?

A

transfer of DNA from one bacterium into another via bacteriophages (virus that infects bacteria)

90
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Transfer of DNA via sexual pilus and requires cell –to-cell contact

91
Q

What are some mechanisms of drug resistance?

A
  • Drug inactivation
  • Altered uptake
  • Altered target
92
Q

How does a microbe inactivate a drug to resist it?

A

Production of an enzyme that destroys the drug (beta lactamase)

93
Q

How does a microbe alter the uptake of a drug to resist it?

A
  • Changes permeability of the cell membrane so the drug can no longer enter the cell
  • Develop a pump to pump drug out of the cell
94
Q

How does a microbe alter their target to resist a drug?

A
  • Develops alternative biochemical pathway
  • Makes new enzymes that are no longer targets
  • Alters present target enzyme so it still functions
95
Q

What is a transposon?

A

DNA sequence that can change its position within the genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations - useful in drug resistance

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions