Month 10; Chapter 4 Building Construction Flashcards
(53 cards)
0
Q
What are the 5 types of building construction?
A
- Type 1, Fire Resistive
- Type 2, Noncombustible or Limited Combustible
- Type 3, Ordinary Construction
- Type 4, Heavy Timber/Mill Construction
- Type 5, Wood or Stick Frame
1
Q
Chapter 4 Building Construction
A
.
2
Q
Type I, Fire Resistive
A
- Highest level of protection from fire development and spread as well as collapse.
- All structural members are non combustible or limited combustible materials.
- Structural components such as walls, floor and ceilings must be able to resist fire for a period of 3 to 4 hours.
3
Q
Type 1, Fire Resistive
A
-Eventhough the structure will not burn, the structure may degrade from the effects of fire.
4
Q
Type 2, Noncombustible or Limited Combustible
A
- Composed of materials that will not contribute to fire development and spread.
- Fire resistance rating is generally half that of Type 1 = 1 to 2 hours
- More prone to collapse because they are made of lighter weight materials.
5
Q
Type 3, Ordinary Construction
A
- This construction type requires that exterior walls and structural members be constructed of noncombustible materials.
- Interior walls, columns, beams, floors and roofs are completely or partially constructed of wood.
- Potentially void spaces in this type of construction.
6
Q
Type 4, Heavy Timber/Mill Construction
A
- Characterized by the use of large-dimensioned lumber.
- Structural members greater than 8 inches.
- Fire resistance rating of 2 hours (main structural support)
- Extremely stable and resistance to collapse due to the sheer mass of their structural members.
7
Q
Type V, Wood or Stick Frame
A
- Exterior or load bearing walls are composed entirely of wood.
- Single family dwelling or residence.
- Use 2x4s and 2x6s
- Truss system creates a large, open void area between the floors of a structure, rather than the closed channel system found with sold wood floor joists.
- These wood I-beams may have numerous holes cut in them, under fire conditions these beams fail and burn much more rapidly than solid lumber.
8
Q
Sizing up existing conditions
A
- Age of building
- Construction Materials
- Roof Type
- Renovations or Modifications
- Dead Loads
- Number of Stories
9
Q
Two primary type of dangerous conditions that may be posed by a particular building.
A
- Conditions that contribute to the spread and intensity of the fire.
- Conditions that make the building susceptible to collapse.
10
Q
Structural Collapse Factors
A
- Construction Type
- Length of time fire burns
- Stage of the fire
- Contents
- Amount of water used to extinguish the fire
11
Q
Structural Collapse Rescue Operations
A
- First priority at the scene is to help get untrapped victims to a safe area.
- Next priority is to extricate victims who are lightly trapped by collapse debris.
- Technical rescue of victims who are trapped deep in the rubble.
12
Q
5 Patterns of Collapse
A
- Pancake Collapse
- V Shaped Collapse
- Lean to Collapse
- A-Frame Collapse
- Cantilever Collapse
13
Q
Pancake Collapse
A
-Occurs when exterior walls collapse simultaneously, causing the roof and upper floors to collapse on top of each other.
Ex. World Trade Center
-Pattern is least likely to contain voids in which live victims may be found.
14
Q
V-Shaped Collapse
A
- Outer walls remain intact and the upper floors and or roof structure fail in the middle.
- This pattern offers a good chance of habitable void spaces being created along the outer walls.
15
Q
Lean to Collapse
A
- One outer wall fails while the opposite walls remains intact.
- Forms a triangular void in which victims are likely to survive.
16
Q
A-Frame Collapse
A
-Occurs when the floor and or roof assemblies on both sides of a load bearing center wall collapse. This creates a pair of lean to collapses on opposite sides of the load bearing wall. Victims ave a good chance of surviving within the void spaces on both sides of the wall.
17
Q
Cantilever Collapse
A
- This collapse occurs when one or more walls of a multistory building collapse, leaving the floors attached to and supported by the remaining walls.
- Ex. Oklahoma City Federal Building.
- Good chance of habitable voids but it is the most vulnerable to secondary collapse.
18
Q
Trusses
A
Decrease in penetration when pinned together
19
Q
Multiple Connection Points
A
Decrease fire spread
Sheer Wall
Scissor Truss
Hurricane Clips
20
Q
Fire Behavior on Building Materials
A
-2 pieces together to maintain strength and reduce fire spread.
21
Q
Roof Report
A
- Normal Load Construction
- Roof Conditions (Is it sagging? Lost a truss?)
- Roof Characteristics - Fire walls? Spongy? Flex
- Hot Tar = Flat roofs, heat up during fire.
- Flat Roof, Silver Coat and Tar = Hot Tar flat roofs, heat up during fire.
- Need to cut a big inspection hole on a flat roof.
22
Q
Direct Flame Impingement
A
Drywall Protection
23
Q
Building Construction
A
After any fire go look at the building construction.
24
New Construction
- Lighter weight, fail quickly with direct flame.
- Piping for plumbing, electrical = Reduces fire rating and increases fire spread.
- Floor Joists (Fire Rating)
25
Masonry
- Hollow cinder blocks and then come back and fill with cement.
- Header Row - lengthwise 6x and the the 7th is rotated = true brick wall.
- No header row and very perfect looking, probably not real brick.
- Brick with Metal door is the hardest door to force, Ex. Banks
- Veneer Walls = Hide Fire
26
Metal Building
-Metal Siding - Removing bolts maybe the fastest, don't always have to cut
- Structural vs. Non structural (Ex. Fencing)
- Carbide Tip
- Choose Tools Wisely especially with metal
27
Spalling
- Reinforced vs. Non Reinforced
| - Problem and has it been fixed? Maybe not an issue from today.
28
Lightweight Truss
- Lightweight truss and sprinkler system
| - Built in sprinkler systems to storage racks.
29
Tilt Ups
- Office is separate wood structure.
- Think about apparatus placement and collapse zone
- Escape routes, Collapse zones
30
Cold Smoke Fires
- Storage material will burn, activate sprinkler system, smoke lingers
- Air Tight
- Fire outpaces the sprinkler system, really hot and going to burn faster than we can put it out.
31
Insulation
-Always wear SCBA
32
Fire Stops
2x4s to prevent fire spread
33
Mobile Homes
- Don't follow building codes exactly.
- Cheaper material, lots of glue
- Not fire retardant glues
- Some are matchboxes (older versions)
- Todays are starting to meet more codes
34
Type I and Type II
-Will be built slowly
35
Type III
- Limited Combustible Materials on the outside. Places of public hang out = stricter codes
- Commercial Ex. Public needs to be protected
36
Type IV
- Heavy Timber
- Old Style
- East Coast
- Very Expensive to do
37
Type V
Normal Construction, Wood
| Everything and anything can burn
38
Size Up
- Occupation Classification (Type) - Helps with priorities
- Rescue Potential
- Helps with type of Construction
- Operation of doors, layout of building
39
Balloon and Platform Construction
.
40
Bowstring Truss
- Bolt and Nut (Tightening Rod)
| - Only going to know from Pre-Fire
41
Bi Mart Example
- Purlins
- Roof Supports
- Pilasters (strongest point of a roof)
42
Stairways
- Path of travel for fire
- Curtain board
- Commercial - stairways are concealed, all concrete, metal doors. Fire Resistant.
- Residential - middle of home, carpet and products that will burn.
43
Tempered Glass
- Marking (Bottom Right Corner)
| - If no marking pop out the bottom
44
Windows
Header
| Cutting inside
45
Size Up
- Age
- Materials
- Roof Type
- Renovations
- Dead Loads
- # of Stories
- Windows
46
Soften Structure
-Taking bars off of windows, opening and closing doors.
47
Important Concepts
- Conditions that spread fire.
- Building susceptible to collapse
-How's it going to spread and how is it going to make it worse?
48
Truss and Construction Hazards
-Roofs and Walls, all the components working together.
49
Evacuation, Withdraw, Abandon
- IC communicates it
| - Air Horn/ HI Lows
50
Collapse Zone
-Collapse zone is 360 degrees around the building, 1 1/2 times height of building. Calculated risk to put pumper or truck inside the collapse zone.
51
EMS Calls
Every time you go in for a call look at the layout and think about the fire spread.
52
Construction
Anytime you go into a building look at potential fire spread.
