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From Flashcardlet > Patho 8 - Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Patho 8 - Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What causes blood to flow?

A

Blood pressure (hemodynamic pressure)

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2
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood per unit of time ejected by the left ventricle into the aorta

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3
Q

What is vascular resistance?

A

Resistance to flow that must be overcome for blood to flow through the circulatory system

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4
Q

What is the formula for blood pressure?

A

CO x PVR

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5
Q

What two organs regulate blood pressure?

A

Kidney and adrenal glands

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6
Q

What organization gives us the guidelines on how to treat HTN?

A

JNC - joint national committee

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7
Q

What are the three stages of hypertension?

A

Prehypertension, HTN I, HTN II

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8
Q

What values depict preHTN?

A

130-139/85-90

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9
Q

How do we determine the systolic and diastolic pressures using a sphygmomanometer?

A

First sound heard after releasing pressure is systolic, diastolic is when sound is no longer heard

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10
Q

What values depict HTN?

A

Above 140/90 - doesn’t have to be both, it can be either or

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11
Q

Why have the guidelines for treating HTN for the elderly changed?

A

Because of atherosclerosis - our arteries naturally stiffen as we age

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12
Q

What two factors influence cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume and heart rate

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13
Q

What kind of drugs can decrease heart rate?

A

Beta blockers

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14
Q

What kind of drugs/substances can decrease stroke volume?

A

Diuretics
Aldosterone
ADH

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15
Q

What substances affect resistance?

A

Vasconstrictors

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16
Q

What are some vasoconstrictors that affect resistance?

A

Angiotensin

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17
Q

What are some drugs that affect resistance by limiting vasoconstriction?

A

ACE inhibitors
ARBs
Calcium channel blockers

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18
Q

How does an ACE inhibitor affect resistance?

A

Prohibits angiotensin I to II, so angiotensin II can’t vasoconstrict vessels

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19
Q

How does an ARB affect resistance?

A

Angiotensin receptor blockers block angiotensin II’s ability to act on vessels to vasoconstrict

20
Q

How do calcium channel blockers affect resistance?

A

Increase dilation

21
Q

How does aldosterone affect stroke volume?

A

Causes body to retain Na, which in turn causes retention of water, increasing volume

22
Q

How does ADH affect stroke volume?

A

Causes body to retain water, increasing volume

23
Q

How do changes in lumen size affect resistance?

A

Resistance to fluid flow is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the diameter

24
Q

What vessels are the primary regulators of resistance?

A

Peripheral arterioles

25
Q

What substances secreted by the adrenal medulla are vasoconstrictors?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

26
Q

How does the kidney act on blood pressure regulation?

A

Kidney senses BP and acts to increase or decrease peripheral resistance or blood volume as pressure rises and falls

27
Q

What is primary HTN?

A

HTN with no identified cause

28
Q

What percentage of HTN cases are primary?

A

95%

29
Q

What is secondary HTN?

A

There is an underlying cause of the HTN

30
Q

What are some causes of secondary HTN?

A
  • Renal artery stenosis
  • Obstructive sleep apnea
  • Pheoshromocytoma
  • Drugs
31
Q

What is renal artery stenosis? How does it cause secondary HTN?

A

The narrowing of renal arteries - causes decreased perfusion to kidneys, stimulating secretion of renin, increasing BP

32
Q

What kind of patients get renal artery stenosis?

A

Usually younger patients like teens or people in their 20s

33
Q

Can renal artery stenosis be corrected?

A

Yes, it is the most common cause of surgically correctable HTN

34
Q

How does obstructive sleep apnea cause secondary HTN?

A

The body is under stress (decreased oxygen perfusion), increases BP

35
Q

What is pheoshromocytoma?

A

A rare adrenal medulla tumors that secrete excess catecholamines (epi, norepi)

36
Q

How does excess secretion of catecholamines cause secondary HTN?

A

They cause the fight or flight response - vasoconstrictor increasing BP, HR, sweating, anxiety, etc

37
Q

How does an adrenal gland tumor cause secondary HTN?

A

Secretes excess aldosterone and cortisol, which increases blood volume and pressure respectively

38
Q

What kind of drugs will cause secondary HTN?

A

Any stimulant - cocaine, adderall, nicotine, beta agonists

39
Q

How does HTN affect the eye?

A

Can cause retinopathies

40
Q

What do catecholamines do in coronary arteries and skeletal muscles?

A

Dilation - flight part of fight or flight

41
Q

What is an example of a potent dilator?

A

Nitric oxide

42
Q

What is hyaline arteriolosclerosis?

A

Narrowing of the arteriolar lumen and waxy degeneration changes of the arteriolar wall

43
Q

What is hyper plastic arteriolosclerosis?

A

Concentric layers of hyper plastic cells in the arteriolar wall

44
Q

What is the appearance of the arterioles in hyaline arteriolosclerosis?

A

Glassy, atrophy near glomerulus

45
Q

What is the appearance of the arterioles in hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?

A

Hyperplasia, thickened arteriole wall from increased layers of elastin

From Flashcardlet (133 decks)

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