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psyb70 Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology is a _________

A

science

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2
Q

what is psychology

A

psychology is the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behaviour

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3
Q

the systematic gathering of evidence to inform understanding

A

science

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4
Q

what are the types of research

A

basic

translational

applied

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5
Q

plan, conduct, and publish research studies

A

producers of research

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6
Q

read, critically evaluate, and use research findings

A

consumers of research

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7
Q

goal is to solve practical problems

A

applied research, practice-driven

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8
Q

goal is to enhance general knowledge

A

basic research, theory driven

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9
Q

Scenario: Dr Smith is working on taking insights from cognitive psychology about attention and focus to design better classroom teaching methods that can be immediately implemented by educators.

Question: what type of research is Dr. Smith conducting?
Basic research
Translational research
Applied research

A

translational research

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10
Q

Research ethics boards (REBs) are committees established by institutions to review and monitor research involving WHO

A

human participants

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11
Q

is a foundational document in research ethics created in 1979 by the National Commission (USA) for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioural research.

A

the Belmont Report

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12
Q

occurs when participants are not fully informed of the true study purpose prior to data collection

A

deception

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13
Q

purposefully omitting details.

A

deception through omission

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14
Q

actively misleading participants

A

deception through commission

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15
Q

compelling someone to act using pressure, threats, or force

A

Coercion

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16
Q

compelling someone to act via rewards, incentives, or approval

A

Undue influence

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17
Q

what are the three types of claims

A

frequency

association

causal

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18
Q

claims about how much or how many

A

frequency

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19
Q

claims about covariance or difference

A

association

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20
Q

claims about cause and effect

A

causal

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21
Q

who is actually being studied

A

sample

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22
Q

the group of people a research claim is about

A

Population

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23
Q

assume data follow a normal distribution

A

parametric tests

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24
Q

no distribution assumptions

A

Nonparametric tests

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25
Assuming that the distribution of the sample is not normally distributed
non parametric tests
26
the phenomenon of interest
construct
27
a measurable element or characteristic that can take on different values
variable
28
the variable manipulated or controlled by the researcher
Independent variable (IV)
29
the variable being measured or tested
Dependent variable (DV)
30
focuses on recruited representative samples to male frequency claims
descriptive research
31
measures multiple variables to examine group differences and patterns of association
correlational research
32
manipulate the independent variable to examine the causal impact on the dependent variable
experiments
33
a sample that represents the important characteristics of the population of interest
representative sample
34
concerns the extent to which study findings can be applied to real-world settings. what type of validity
ecological validity (its a type of external validity
35
the extent to which an experiment engages participants and elicits genuine spontaneous behaviour
Experimental realism (a type of external validity)
36
testing the same hypothesis as the original study but with different methods or variables
Conceptual replication
37
repeating the original study exactly to see if the same results are obtained
direct replication
38
the researcher uses a random or unbiased method to acquire a sample of research participants
probability sampling
39
the samples are selected based on subjective judgment rather than random selection
non-probability sampling
40
a sampling method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
simple random sampling
41
what are the types of probability sampling
simple random sample cluster sample stratified sample combined methods
42
a sampling method where the population is divided into clusters, and a random sample of clusters is selected
cluster sample
43
recruit participants based on specific demographic characteristics
stratified sampling
44
randomly sample from within each demographic ‘strata’ of interest to ensure proportionate representation
proportionate stratified sample
45
oversample from within each strata of interest to ensure equal representation
disproportionate stratified sample
46
acquiring participants based on common locations
cluster sampling
47
recruiting participants because they meet specific characteristics
stratified sampling
48
what are the 4 types of non probability sampling?
convenience sample purposive sample snowball sample quota sample
49
the research sample those who are conveniently available or who volunteer to participate
Convenience sampling
50
select participants based on specific characteristics or criteria that align with the study’s objectives
purposive sample
51
The non-probability version of stratified sampling
quota sampling
52
type of sampling bias in which responders differ from non-responders
non-response bias
53
when the sample is not representative of the population
sampling bias
54
when the study’s time from does not reflect other time periods
temporal validity ex. think about how racism was different 50 years ago vs now
55
when specific situational factors affect the study but are not present in other settings
situational factors
56
help organize and summarize the data that come from samples
descriptive statistics
57
the most frequently occurring score
mode
58
the literal centre point
median
59
the mathematical average
mean
60
Mean = median = mode
normal distribution
61
the average amount that each score deviates from the mean
standard deviation
62
use data from samples to make inferences about the populations
inferential statistics
63
Point estimate: the estimate of the effect calculated from the sample
64
65
the range of values in which the true population parameter is likely to fall
margin of er ror
66
the larger the sample size, the _____ the margin error
smaller
67
key concept, phenomenon, or attribute
construct
68
the extent to which the measured or manipulated variables of a study represent the theoretical constructs by which they were meant to represent
construct validity
69
explains what a construct means in abstract or theoretical terms. It describes the essential qualities or characteristics of the construct
conceptual defintion
70
a term used to describe aspects of a study that leave open the possibility of an alternative explanation
threats to internal validity
71
__________ leave open many threats to internal validity
correlational designs
72
comparing groups based on pre-existing or non-random criterion may be biased because the groups may differ systematically from one another in ways other than the key independent variable.
selection threats
73
other events may have happened between the pretest and the posttest that explain the outcome
history threat it is a type of internal validity threat
74
the participant themselves may have changes between the pretest and the posttest
maturation threat a type of internal validity threat
75
people can improve just based on prior exposure to a particular testing procedure/style
testing/practice threat a type of internal validity threat
76
the outcome measurement tool itself might change between pretest and posttest
instrumentation threat a type of internal validity threat
77
people may drop out of the study between the pretest and the posttest
Attrition a type of internal validity threat
78
extremely high or low scores at pretest may be a statistical blip that stabilize at posttest
regression to the mean a type of internal validity threat
79
researcher creates 2+ experimental conditions to create comparison groups
experimental manipulation
80
researcher randomly assigns participants to the IV conditions
random assignment to conditions
81
The different levels of the independent variable are called
experimental conditions or experimental groups
82
the control condition receives no treatment or intervention at all
no treatment control condition
83
the control condition receives a simulated ‘treatment’ that lacks the active elements of the IV
placebo control condition
84
the control condition receives some kind of standard or alternative treatment
treatment as usual control condition
85
Cues or signals in a study that give away to participants what the researcher wants or expects, leading them to change their behaviour accordingly.
demand characteristics When participants figure out the purpose of the study and act differently because of it.
86
randomization occurs in blocks
block randomization
87
a random process is used to assign a large number of participants to the conditions
simple random assignment
88
participants are matched on important traits and then randomly assigned to conditions. (use with small samples or potentially strong confounds)
matched groups design

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