W12_07 common problems in toddlers Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in W12_07 common problems in toddlers Deck (27)
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1
Q

note: temper tantrums are normal

A

kids are frustrated - can’t do what they want to do

2
Q

what are the 4 areas of limit setting for temper tantrums?

A

selective;
explicit;
firm;
consistent

3
Q

what’s the approach for a child with temper tantrum?

A

allow child to blow off steam;
distraction;
physical restraint (if you have to prevent danger);
time outs;
reinforce teaching principle

4
Q

note: positive reinforcement is always better than negative reinforcement!

A

ok

5
Q

recall breath-holding spells

A

usually 12-18 months;
5% of kids;
decreased oxygen/blood to brain;
tx: disregard the child

6
Q

recall sibling rivalry

A

no cure;
bound to happen

7
Q

recall headbanging/rocking

A

self-stimulatory;
calming;
tx: disregard

8
Q

when do kids start to have control over external sphincters?

A

12-18 months;
mature control by 18-24 months

9
Q

what’s the pain-retention cycle of bowel movements?

A

voluntary withholding of stool;
rectal impact/drying;
painful bowel movement;
voluntary witholding of stool

10
Q

what’re the causes of diarrhea?

A

usually infectious;
sometimes extraintestinal, or drugs

11
Q

what’re the factors that make diarrhea more of a bacterial cause than viral?

A

contacts;
travel;
blood in stool;
severity (bacteria usually more serious)

12
Q

how much fluid intake is requried for every 1 degree increase in body temp?

A

12 percent

13
Q

what’s the gold standard for dehydration assessment in acute diarrhea?

A

weight loss

14
Q

what do dry tears or dry mouths represent in fluid loss estimate?

A

5 percent (3 in adults)

15
Q

what do decreased urine output, sunken eyes, fontanelle depression, apathy represent in fluid loss estimate?

A

10 percent (6 in adults)

16
Q

how much fluid loss has to occur before shock sets in?

A

15 percent (9 in adults)

17
Q

how to treat acute diarrhea?

A

water, electrolytes, oral rehydration therapy;
limit intake for vomiting, limit complicating foods for diarrhea; ondansetron for nausea

18
Q

when do sphenoidal sinuses develop?

A

5 years

19
Q

when do frontal sinuses develop?

A

7-13 years

20
Q

what’s the timespan of acute bacterial sinusitis?

A

< 30 days

21
Q

what’re some recommendations for diagnosis of acute bacterial sinusitis?

A

persistent past 10 days;
worsening after initial improvement;
fever of 39+, purulent discharge after 3-4 days (this is severe)

22
Q

what’s the first line therapy for acute bacterial sinusitis?

A

amoxicillin

23
Q

what can cause diaper rash?

A

irritation due to increased pH from urine;
contact dermatitis;
candida albicans;
bacterial (e.g. strep);
seborrhea

24
Q

what are treatments for diaper rash

A

no diapers;
creams;
powder;
cortisone;
antifungals;
antibacterials

25
Q

how many baby teeth are there?

A

twenty 20

26
Q

how do the first 4 pairs of baby teeth come in?

A

lower central incisor;
upper central incisor;
upper lateral;
lower lateral

27
Q

when do the first baby teeth come in?

A

7 months (then 1 per month)

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