Flashcards in 9.2 Measuring The Dependent Variable Deck (14):
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The ____ ____ in most experiments is one of three general types: self-report, behavioural, or physiological.
dependent variable
1
____-____ can be used to measure attitudes and many other aspects of human thought and behaviour. Rating scales with descriptive anchors (endpoints) are most commonly used.
Self-reports
2
____ ____ are direct observations of behaviours.
Behavioural measures
3
____ ____ are recordings of responses of the body.
Physiological measures
4
Many such physiological measures are available; examples include the ____ ____ ____ (GSR), ____ (EMG), and ____ (EEG).
galvanic skin response, electromyogram, and electroencephalogram
5
The GSR is a measure of general and emotional arousal and anxiety; it measures the ____ ____ of the skin, which changes when sweating occurs.
electrical conductance
6
The EMG measures ____ ____ and is frequently used as a measure of tension or stress.
muscle tension
7
The EEG is a measure of ____ ____ of brain cells. It can be used to record general brain arousal as a response to different situations.
electrical activity
8
____ ____ ____ (MRI) provides an image of an individual's brain structure.
Magnetic resonance imaging
9
A ____ ___ (fMRI) allows researcher to scan areas of the brain while a research participant performs a physical or cognitive task.
functional MRI
10
Although it is convenient to describe single dependent variables, many studies include more than one dependent measure. One reason to use ____ ____ stems from the fact that a variable can be measured in a variety of concrete ways.
multiple measures
11
The issue of ____ is particularly important when measuring human performance. The dependent variable should be sensitive enough to detect differences between groups.
sensitivity
12
Sometimes a task is so easy that everyone does well regardless of the conditions. This results in what is called a ____ ____ – the independent variable appears to have no effect on the dependent measure only because participants quickly reach the maximum performance level.
ceiling effect
13