13.2 The t And F Tests Flashcards Preview

175.203 Psychological Research > 13.2 The t And F Tests > Flashcards

Flashcards in 13.2 The t And F Tests Deck (20)
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1
Q

The _-____ is commonly used to examine whether two groups are significantly different from each other.

A

t-test

2
Q

The _ ____ is a more general statistical test that can be used to ask whether there is a difference among three or more groups or to evaluate the results of factorial designs.

A

F test

3
Q

To use the t distribution to evaluate our data, we need to calculate the value of t from the ____ data and evaluate the ____ t in terms of the sampling distribution of t that is based on the null hypothesis.

A

obtained

4
Q

If the obtained t has a low probability of occurrence (.05 or less), then the null hypothesis is ____.

A

rejected

5
Q

The t value is a ratio of two aspects of the data, the difference between the group means and the variability within groups.

A

t = group difference / within-group variability

6
Q

The group difference is simply the difference between our obtained means; under the null hypothesis, you expect the difference to be zero.

A

Mean of first group minus mean of second group.

7
Q

The value of t ____ as the difference between your obtained sample means increases.

A

increases

8
Q

The within-group variability is the amount of variability of scores about the ____.

A

mean

9
Q

The ____ ____ and the ____ are indicators of how much scores deviate from the group mean.

A

standard deviation and the variance

10
Q

When comparing two means, you assume that the ____ of ____ are equal to n1 + n2 - 2, or the total number of participants in the groups minus the number of groups, this is called degrees of freedom.

A

degrees of freedom

11
Q

The degrees of freedom are number of scores ____ to ____ once the means are known.

A

free to vary

12
Q

A ___-____ test has a specified direction of difference between the two groups. For example, group one will be greater than group two.

A

one-tailed

13
Q

A ___-____ test does not specify a predicted direction of difference. For example, group 1 will differ from group 2.

A

two-tailed

14
Q

Whether to specify a one-tailed or two-tailed test will depend on whether you originally designed your study to test a ____ hypothesis.

A

directional

15
Q

The ____ of ____, or F test, is an extension of the t-test.

A

analysis of variance

16
Q

The _ ____ is a ratio of two types of variance: systematic variance and error variance.

A

F statistic

17
Q

____ ____ is the deviation of the group means from the grand mean, or the mean score all individuals and all groups.

A

Systematic variance

18
Q

____ ____ is the deviation of the individual scores in each group from their respective group means.

A

Error variance

19
Q

The larger the F ratio is, the more likely it is that the results are ____.

A

significant

20
Q

After determining that there was a statistically significant effect of the independent variable, researchers will want to know the magnitude of the effect. Therefore, we want to calculate them estimate of ____ ____.

A

effect size