"Anatomy" Nervous System

Question 1

How do you conduct an efficient neurological examination (5 steps)?

Answer 1

1) observe
2) perform postural reactions
3) assess spinal reflexes
4) assess cranial nerves
5) evaluate sensory stimulation

Question 2

In order to localize neurologic lesions, what should you check for?

Answer 2

normal/abnormal head

spinal cord

peripheral nerves

Question 3

What are some clinical signs of abnormal head signs?

Answer 3

seizures
head tilt
circling

Question 4

What are some clinical signs of both brain and spinal lesions?

Answer 4

paresis
ataxia

Question 5

What are the 4 functional lobes of the cerebrum? What do they do?

Answer 5

frontal - motor
parietal - sensory
temporal - sensory/hearing
occipital - vision

Question 6

The forebrain consists of what 2 parts of the brain?

Answer 6

cerebral cortex
diencephalon

Question 7

What are clinical signs of a lesion in the forebrain?

Answer 7

seizures
circling
minimal gait abnormalities
aimless pacing
blindness
postural/sensory deficits

Question 8

Altered mental status can be from the _______, _______, or ______ ________

Answer 8

forebrain
brainstem
systemic disease

Question 9

What are the parts of the brain included in the brainstem (excluding diencephalon)?

Answer 9

midbrain
pons
medulla

Question 10

What are common clinical signs of lesions in the brainstem?

Answer 10

paresis
ataxia
postural reaction deficits
head tilt
circling
cranial nerve dysfunction

Question 11

Abnormal findings regarding brainstem lesions are typically _______ to the lesion location

Answer 11

ipsilateral

Question 12

If an animal presents with vestibular disease, what are some clinical signs?

Answer 12

head tilt
circling
ataxia
falling
nystagmus
strabismus
facial nerve dysfunction

Question 13

If the vestibular system has a central vestibular issue, what does this mean?

Answer 13

lesion in brainstem, leading to postural reactions being abnormal

Question 14

If the vestibular system has a peripheral vestibular issue, what does this mean?

Answer 14

postural reactions typically normal (lesion doesn’t affect it)

Question 15

Peripheral vestibular disease can be either _____ and _______

Answer 15

unilateral
bilateral

Question 16

Which part of the brain is located in the caudal fossa of the skull?

Answer 16

cerebellum

Question 17

Which part of the brain measures, coordinates, and regulates motor action? What does it NOT do?

Answer 17

cerebellum

initiate motor action

Question 18

Which part of the brain receives sensory information from ALL systems?

Answer 18

cerebellum

Question 19

What are some clinical signs of a lesion in the cerebellum?

Answer 19

1) severe ataxia
2) tremoring
3) normal postural reactions
3) normal mental status

Question 20

Paresis and ataxia will be _________ to lesion in the spinal cord

Answer 20

ipsilateral

Question 21

What is the # for a normal spinal reflex?

Answer 21

2

Question 22

What is the # for a hyper spinal reflex?

Answer 22

3, 4

Question 23

What is the # for a decreased spinal reflex?

Answer 23

1

Question 24

What is the # for an absent spinal reflex?

Answer 24

0

Question 25

Where are the cell bodies of the upper motor neuron located?

Answer 25

brainstem

Question 26

Where are the cell bodies of the lower motor neuron located?

Answer 26

ventrolateral grey matter

Question 27

Where are the axons of the UMN located?

Answer 27

motor long tracts

Question 28

Where are the axons of the LMN located?

Answer 28

ventral roots peripheral nerves

Question 29

UMN has voluntary motor _____

Answer 29

action

Question 30

LMN has voluntary motor ______

Answer 30

reflexes

Question 31

If there is a lesion in the UMN, what do the spinal reflexes look like?

Answer 31

normal or increased

Question 32

If there is a lesion in the LMN, what do the spinal reflexes look like?

Answer 32

decreased or absent

Question 33

Both UMN and LMN dysfunctions will show _________ paresis

Answer 33

ipsilateral

Question 34

The two places we check for spinal reflexes are the _____ and _______ limbs

Answer 34

pelvic thoracic

Question 35

In the pelvic limb, we do a ____ ______ test to check for the femoral nerve (segments ____-____)

Answer 35

knee jerk L4-6

Question 36

Pelvic limb withdrawal tests for the _____ nerve (segments ____-____)

Answer 36

sciatic L5-S2

Question 37

Thoracic limb withdrawal tests for the branches of ________ ______, mainly the radial nerve (segments ____-___)

Answer 37

brachial plexus C6-T2

Question 38

The withdrawal test checks for _____ muscle reflexes

Answer 38

flexor

Question 39

If there is a lesion in C1-C5, what would you see?

Answer 39

tetra/hemiparesis UMN signs in all limbs

Question 40

If there is a lesion in C6-T2, what would you see?

Answer 40

tetra/hemiparesis LMN signs in thoracic limb UMN signs in pelvic limb

Question 41

If there is a lesion in T3-L3, what would you see?

Answer 41

para/monoparesis UMN signs in pelvic limb

Question 42

If there is a lesion in L4-S2, what would you see?

Answer 42

para/monoparesis LMN signs in pelvic limb

Question 43

If there is a lesion in S3-coccygeal, what would you see?

Answer 43

issues with bladder/tail

Question 44

What are the 2 sensory systems?

Answer 44

general sensation special sensory

Question 45

What are the 2 parts of the general sensation system?

Answer 45

reflexes perception of stimuli

Question 46

What are the 4 parts of the special sensory system?

Answer 46

vision hearing taste proprioception

Question 47

Which parts of the spinal cord are a part of the brachial plexus?

Answer 47

C6-8 and T1-2

Question 48

Which parts of the spinal cord are a part of the lumbo-sacral plexus?

Answer 48

L 3-7 and S1-2