Respiratory Physiology Flashcards by Sierra Miles

What is the most important factor in ensuring effective gas exchange?

V (ventilation) / Q (perfusion) matching

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

To best use Va, areas of lung which receive lots of ventilation should receive…

lots of blood to exchange gases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is the entire volume of Va equally distributed to all of the lung periphery?

variability of local compliance. entire volume is still used

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Normal mammalian lungs are _____ in V/Q matching

efficient

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How major must a disease be to affect V/Q matching? What does it affect?

can be very slight to cause major decrease in both V/Q matching AND gas exchange

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Design of the air and blood exchange pathways are meant to _____ each other

compliment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Areas of lung with increased ______ have vessels with high resistance, causing restricted ______ ______

perfusion

blood flow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Passive V/Q matching provides ______ ______ for V/Q matching

limited capacity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

________ in the pulmonary precapillaries detect the pO2 in the alveolus

chemosensors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction means… What is it initiated by?

low pO2 will cause restricted blood flow bc of shut precapillary sphincters

high pO2 causes vessels to relax and increase blood flow

secretion of nitric oxide

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

With high altitude pulmonary edema, what happens?

low inspired pO2 leads to ALL alveoli having low pO2 and causes capillaries to constrict

leads to hypertension/edema

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What can cause multiple organ system failure in regard to HPV (hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction)

inappropriate activation of nitric oxide

causes capillary dilation, which can lead to ventral pooling of blood in the lungs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is edema?

excess fluid in tissues

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

High altitude pulmonary edema is considered ___-_____ and multiple organ system failure is considered ___-______

non-perfused
-good intake of air into alveoli, no intake into vessel

non-ventilated
-bad intake of air into alveoli, still having good blood flow/intake of gases in vessels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Breathing has two factors that restrict how much air intake there can be. What are they?

1) resistance
2) compliance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Movement of air through a passageway is limited by…

resistance to flow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Resistance is proportional to the ______ of the passage, and inversely proportional to the ______

length
radius^4

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most airway resistance is located in the…

upper airways

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which part of the respiratory tract does NOT contribute to resistance? Greatest resistance?

alveolus
nares (nasal passage)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In most cases, ______ expansion is not possible due to airways having little capacity for ________. What are the 3 exceptions in the respiratory tract to this?

active
relaxation

1) nares
2) larynx
3) pharynx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During periods of high demand, what 3 sections of the respiratory tract can actively dilate? What types of situations can cause failure?

1) nares
2) larynx
3) pharynx

exercise and stress

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes snoring?

“fluttering” of the pharynx after the pressure sensors fail

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 4 main abnormalities of resistance?

1) smooth muscle contraction (most common)
2) edema
3) increased airway resistance
4) structural failure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When there is smooth muscle contraction of the airways, what can happen?

resistance increases in lower airways

decrease compliance in bronchioles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When there is edema in the airways, what can happen? Where in the respiratory tract does it typically occur?

extra fluid in walls of airway increase resistance upper airways (nasal passage) -not as common in lower airways to cause issues

When you have upper airways edema, you start breathing... What about in horses?

with your mouth, as edema occurs typically in nasal passages cannot mouth breathe, so they will struggle with breathing

What can increased airway resistance cause?

increase in work of breathing, both inhalation and exhalation

If lesion is within the lung, exhalation is more serious due to...

the risk of airway collapse

What types of structural failures can occur when there is an abnormality in resistance (4)?

1) nasal masses 2) tracheal collapse 3) soft palate displacement on exhalation 4) laryngeal paresis on inhalation

Airway hyperactivity is different ________ and __________ smooth muscle constrictors. What are 5 of these constrictors?

exogenous endogenous 1) histamines 2) prostaglandins 3) leukotrienes 4) ozone 5) acid vapor

Hyperreactivity is the...

narrowing of the airways more than usual

What is a feature of most airway diseases and poses greatest immediate threat to life?

airway hyperreactivity

What can be a useful diagnostic test for airway diseases? How and why?

hyperreactivity administer dose of agonist and measure response -monitor reaction to be able to reverse if needed -higher response = disease

Expanding the lung to receive inspired air requires...

energy!

What is lung compliance?

ease with which the lung/thorax expands

Which type of compliance requires more energy? Less energy? Why?

low compliance - stiff high compliance

Energy used to overcome compliance is called... Why is it important?

recoverable energy this energy is stored in the lung and can help us deflate the lung

Compliance is not ________ because...

linear as lung/thorax stretch, more energy is required for given volume

What type of receptors kick in to prevent inappropriate energy usage in lung compliance?

pulmonary and thoracic stretch

Compliance is NOT the same as _____ and ________, as it requires more energy to encourage exhalation

inhalation exhalation

What is the Law of LaPlace? What is the abbreviated equation?

small, wet structures require energy to avoid collapse Pressure=2(tension)(resistance) P=2TR

What small, wet structure in the respiratory tract does the Law of LaPlace concern?

alveolus

Surfactant reduces ______, which allows less pressure and maintenance of resistance

surface tension

What are 2 abnormalities that can occur with compliance?

1) pulmonary fibrosis 2) surfactant deficiency

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

shallow breathing with rapid exhalation (hyperventilation)

What can low surfactant levels cause?

high surface tension and the inability to expand alveoli

Primary surfactant deficiency is found in... Why?

premature neonates uses placentation, so there's no reason to inhale/exhale. will not need to produce surfactant until about to be born

Secondary surfactant deficiency occurs during... Why?

pneumonia inflammation degrades surfactant more than it can be produced

An excess of stiffness in the lungs can cause... What happens exactly?

true pulmonary emphysema breakdown of interstitial tissue in lungs - lose ability to store energy difficult to exhale

What 3 sensors help control breathing?

1) medullary 2) extramedullary 3) lung

Primary goal of the respiratory system is to supply ____ and remove ____

O2 CO2

What molecule can be dangerous due to acidosis it creates when alone in the body?

CO2

Which nervous system regulates breathing patter or is a "rhythmic pacemaker"?

CNS (central)

CO2 reacts with ____ and produces carbonic acid

H2O

In most species, active process of breathing is ______ and passive is ______. Which species does something different and what?

inspiration exhalation horses: both are active as they breath AROUND Fc

Pattern and rate can be influenced _____ and by _____ ______

voluntarily neural reflexes

What are the 2 primary sensors that let us know when to breathe via the CNS?

1) respiratory sensors in the CNS medulla 2) carotid bodies

What are carotid bodies?

small, paired sinusoids located along the carotid arteries near the bifurcation

The carotid bodies are innervated by the ______ nervous system and the ________ nerve

sympathetic glossopharyngeal

The perfusion rate of carotid bodies is ______, which allows for...

high sensitive monitoring of dissolved gases

Afferent nerve activity of the carotid bodies are detected by what 5 things?

1) decreased arterial O2 tension 2) acidosis 3) rapid increases in arterial CO2 4) blood stangation 4) increased temperature

Afferent nerve activity typically results in _________ breathing

increased

What happens when there is a loss of carotid bodies in a human? How much does it affect breathing?

individual is more susceptible to low oxygen tensions BUT doesn't affect breathing much

Central chemoreceptors are bathed in _______ ______ and are acutely sensitive to what? Why is it important?

cerebrospinal fluid pH of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) -will detect any acidification of the blood due to acidosis of excess CO2

When CO2 reacts with H2O, what is created? Why is this a problem?

H+ H+ diffuses poorly across blood-brain barrier; increases pH of CSF when CO2 acidifies and can cause misfiring of respiratory system

What is the Hering-Breuer Reflex?

stretch receptors as lung expands, afferent activity increases to try and override inspiratory stimulus

What is the opposite reflex of Hering-Breuer Reflex?

gradual increase in inspiratory efforts of lung is not allowed to completely deflate unnamed!

What integrated receptor signal is the primary drive of respiration? Which is the secondary? Final?

arterial CO2 arterial O2 muscles of inspiration/expiration

When hypoxia occurs, which molecule increases in the arteries?

CO2

Relationship of CO2 and ventilation is ______ and _____. Why is this important?

linear steep small changes in CO2 cause major changes in ventilation

The relationship of integrated receptors and O2 is _______, and ventilation will ________ with exercise to increase O2 concentration

asymptotic increase

What are the muscles of inspiration? Exhalation?

diaphragm intercostals abdominals

What are the secondary functions of the respiratory tract (4)? Why are they secondary?

1) filtrations 2) immune function 3) humidification 4) thermoregulation not as important for rest of the body

What must happen in order for inspired air to be compatible with the health of the gas exchange surfaces? How do we do this?

condition it warm and humidify air in upper airways

Surface water in upper airways impart both _____ and ______

heat and moisture

During _______, unconditioned air may make it to the bronchioles

exercise

Conditioning of the air is a ______ process

passive

As respiratory rate increases, what happens in the airways to help condition the inspired air?

as respiratory rate increases, the more portions of the airway are used to condition the air ex. trachea assists in warming during exercise

Some animals depend on the respiratory tract for _____ ______, as it can climate excess heat

body cooling

Only the _______ airways are used for body cooling. Why?

conducting thermo-sensory inputs can increase rate without increasing gas exchange in these airways

When a dog is panting, what needs to happen to maintain alveolar ventilation? Why?

reduce tidal volume respiratory rate increases

What is important to know about dead space in regard to wanting to alter volumes of respiration?

dead space is a FIXED value

Why do we filter inspired air?

there are high and low mass particles that can cause inflammation/blockage

Particles deposited on airways surfaces are moved towards the ______ via the ______ ________ and swallowed.

pharynx mucociliary escalator

Cilia can be found on the ________ epithelial cells starting from the nares all the way to the ________

mucous bronchioles

The surface liquid of the mucous epithelial cells is comprised of what 2 layers?

1) aqueous 2) mucoid

The cilia beats in the ______ layer to propel the ______ layer towards the pharynx

aqueous mucoid

What types of drug can increase mucociliary transport? What else can help with transport?

beta-adrenergic agonists decrease viscosity of mucus

Mucociliary transport can be decreased by damage to the ______/______ _______. What are some common things that can cause damage?

cilia ciliated cells viruses irritants

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

Quiz 4 (89 cards)