Cardio Physiology

Question 1

What are the major components of the heart (3)? What are the subcomponents of the heart (3)?

Answer 1

1) atrium
2) ventricles
3) valves

1) electrical conduction system
2) neural innervation
3) vasculature

Question 2

The heart is considered a ______

Answer 2

pump

Question 3

The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs via the _________ artery

Answer 3

pulmonary

Question 4

The right atria fills with deoxygenated blood from the two _______ ______

Answer 4

vena cavas

Question 5

The right side of the heart is a ____-pressure, _______ distance circuit

Answer 5

low
short

Question 6

The atrium is at the _____ of the heart and is considered a _____ ______ pump

Answer 6

top

weak primer

Question 7

The ventricles are at the ______ of the heart and provide the _______ _______ force

Answer 7

bottom

primary pumping

Question 8

The left side of the heart pumps blood systemically through the _____

Answer 8

aorta

Question 9

The left atria fills with oxygenated blood from the pulmonary _______

Answer 9

vein

Question 10

The left side of the heart is a _____ pressure, _______ distance circut

Answer 10

high

long

Question 11

The a-v valves are considered the _____ valves. The right a-v valve is called the ________ and the left a-v valve is called the ______.

Answer 11

input
tricuspid
mitral

Question 12

The semilunar laves are considered ______ valves. The right semilunar valve is called the _______ and the left semilunar valve is called the ______

Answer 12

output
pulmonary
aortic

Question 13

AV valves prevent backflow into the ____

Answer 13

atria

Question 14

AV valves passively move via ______ and have a _____ closure

Answer 14

pressure

soft

Question 15

The av valves are connected to the ______ muscles by the _______ _______. What do they help the valves do?

Answer 15

papillary

chordae tendineae

prevent eversion (prolapsing)

Question 16

The semilunar valve prevents backflow into the ______

Answer 16

ventricles

Question 17

The semilunar valves are ______ than the av valves. What does this cause?

Answer 17

smaller

higher ejection velocity

Question 18

Semilunar valves passively move via ______ and have a _____ closure

Answer 18

pressure

hard

Question 19

Which valve type has chordae tendineae to assist with prevention of eversion?

Answer 19

av valves

Question 20

What are the 3 cardiac layers of the wall? What is the name of the sac that surrounds the heart?

Answer 20

1) endocardium
2) myocardium
3) epicardium

1) pericardium

Question 21

What is the name of the inner layer of the cardiac wall? What is it composed of?

Answer 21

endocardium

endothelial cells and connective tissue

Question 22

Which cardiac wall layer is thicker in atria than in vesicles?

Answer 22

endocardium

Question 23

What is the name of the middle layer of the cardiac wall? What is it composed of?

Answer 23

myocardium

cardiac myocyte (striated muscles) connected by intercalated discs

Question 24

Which cardiac wall layer is the thickest?

Answer 24

myocardium

Question 25

What connects the myocytes or muscle cells of the myocardium? Why is it important?

Answer 25

intercalated discs (gap junctions) keeps muscle fibers connected as well as helps them communicate with each other

Question 26

What is the name of the outer layer of the cardiac wall? What is it composed of?

Answer 26

epicardium OR visceral pericardium connective tissue and fat

Question 27

What is the name of the double-walled fluid filled sac surrounding the heart? What is it composed of?

Answer 27

pericardium fibrous and serous layers -fibrous is external, serous is internal (parietal and visceral pleura)

Question 28

Which layer of the cardiac wall is TECHNICALLY a part of the pericardium?

Answer 28

epicardium -visceral serous layer

Question 29

What is the function of the electrical conduction system?

Answer 29

generate electrical impulses to initiate rhythmical contraction and conduct impulses rapidly

Question 30

What are the 4 main parts of the electrical conduction system that can have issues to cause heart disease?

Answer 30

GENERATE electrical impulses RHYTHMICAL contraction CONDUCT impulses be RAPID

Question 31

What is the full name of the SA node? What is the nickname?

Answer 31

sinoatrial pacemaker of the heart

Question 32

What is the full name of the AV node? What is the nickname?

Answer 32

atrioventricular

Question 33

Which node is located at the junction of the cranial vena cava and right atrium?

Answer 33

SA node

Question 34

What does the SA node do?

Answer 34

consistent depolarization controls beat of heart

Question 35

The larger the animal, the _____ the discharge and the _____ the heart rate

Answer 35

slower slower

Question 36

Where is the AV node located?

Answer 36

in posterior wall of the right atrium BEHIND the tricuspid valves

Question 37

AV nodes control ________ by slowing it down for the ______ to contract

Answer 37

conduction atria

Question 38

Ventricular activation is _______ dependant

Answer 38

species

Question 39

The AV node is NORMALLY a ____-_____ conduction pathway

Answer 39

one-way

Question 40

What is the Bundle of His?

Answer 40

bundles leading away from nodes to conduct electrical signals

Question 41

What does the Bundle of His turn into?

Answer 41

purkinje fibers

Question 42

The Bundle of His runs down the ______ between the ventricles

Answer 42

septum

Question 43

What are Purkinje fibers? What do they merge into?

Answer 43

branches of specialized nerve cells that lie in ventricle walls merge into cardiac muscle fibers

Question 44

Autonomic system has ______ innervation of the heart. What 3 things does it do to the heart?

Answer 44

abundant 1) alter heart rate 2) alter conduction velocity 3) alter contractile strength

Question 45

The parasympathetic nerves are concentrates around what 3 part of the heart? Which nerve is the most important innervator?

Answer 45

sa node av node atrial muscle vagus

Question 46

The activation of the parasympathetic nerves releases ________ which binds to _______ receptors to reduce heart rate/conduction

Answer 46

acetylcholine cholinergic

Question 47

Sympathetic nerves innervate the _____

Answer 47

heart

Question 48

The activation of the sympathetic nerves releases ________ and _______ which binds to _______ receptors to increase heart rate and cardiac contractility/conduction

Answer 48

norepinephrine epinephrine beta-adreno

Question 49

The main coronary arteries lie on the _____ of the heart, and penetrate to do what?

Answer 49

surface give blood TO the heart muscles

Question 50

What is the name of the coronary arteries that dive into cardiac muscles to give them blood?

Answer 50

epicardial coronary arteries

Question 51

Cardiac muscle compression causes phasic changes in ______ blood flow

Answer 51

coronary

Question 52

Which part of the coronary system returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium?

Answer 52

coronary sinus

Question 53

Which characteristic of the right side of the heart is NOT correct? -responsible for pulmonary blood flow -deoxygenated blood -low pressure and short distance circut -oxygenated blood

Answer 53

oxygenated blood

Question 54

Which valve has 3 leaflets/cusps and has chordae tendineae?

Answer 54

tricuspid

Question 55

Which part of the conduction system is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium and slows atrial conduction?

Answer 55

the AV node

Question 56

Activation of which part of the nervous system releases acetylcholine and reduces SA firing?

Answer 56

parasympathetic nervous system

Question 57

Why is long term activation of the sympathetic nervous system bad?

Answer 57

heart constantly beats at a fast/rapid pace and causes coronary blood flow to be reduced over a long period of time. can cause structural changes to heart