Practice Exam 1

Question 1

What is the largest body fluid compartment?

Answer 1

intracellular (ICF)

Question 2

What are the 3 factors that are taken into consideration when evaluating a patient’s fluid balance?

Answer 2

1) age
2) sex
3) obesity

Question 3

What are the 3 components that are concentrated in the ECF?

Answer 3

1) sodium
2) chloride
3) bicarbonate

Question 4

T/F
The interstitial fluid compartment has a higher concentration of proteins compared to the plasma.

Answer 4

FALSE

Question 5

A solution is separated by a semi-permeable membrane, which only allows water to cross. Side A has 1000 small particles and 100 big particles; side B has 1000 big particles. What best describes the movement of water as it follows osmotic pressure?
A) the water does not move
B) the water will move to side A
C) the water will move to side B

Answer 5

B

Question 6

Which ions make up the bulk of the osmoles in the ICF?

Answer 6

sodium
chloride

Question 7

If a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, what happens to the cell volume?

Answer 7

cell shrinks

Question 8

What processes does the body use to regulate extracellular osmolality?

Answer 8

1) ADH - water excretion
2) Brain - water intake

Question 9

What are the forces that regulate fluid movement between the plasma and interstitium?

Answer 9

1) osmotic pressure
2) hydrostatic pressure

Question 10

Where do all alterations to body fluids being?

Answer 10

ECF

Question 11

What happens to intracellular fluid volume and osmolality with loss of hypotonic fluid (sweating)

Answer 11

decrease in volume
increase in osmolality

Question 12

What are 3 common ways of taking in water?

Answer 12

ingestion of food
ingestion of water
synthesized by oxidation

Question 13

What happens to plasma sodium during hyponatremia and what are the subsequent short-term consequences to the cells?

Answer 13

sodium falls below 142 mEq/L

cells swell

Question 14

How will a brain cell composite for hypernatremia (dehydration)

Answer 14

regulatory volume increase (RVI) via INCREASE of electrolytes

Question 15

What does the term “third space” mean when referring to body fluid compartment?

Answer 15

a space that doesn’t equilibrate with extracellular fluid and usually results in loss of blood volume

Question 16

Does edema only afflict extracellular compartments?

Answer 16

NO

Question 17

What key factors drives intracellular edema during ischemia (Lack of blood flow)?

Answer 17

failure of ionic pumps that leads to accumulation of intracellular sodium

Question 18

What are the 3 factors that describe endogenous prevention of extracellular edema?

Answer 18

1) low compliance in interstitium
2) wide range of lymph flow
3) washdown of interstitial fluid protein concentration

Question 19

What controls the flow of blood entering a capillary?

Answer 19

precapillary sphincter

Question 20

Which valve is considered a semilunar valve and is on the right side of the heart?

Answer 20

pulmonary

Question 21

What part of the conduction system in the heart is predominately innervated with parasympathetic fibers from the left vagi?

Answer 21

AV node

Question 22

A dog heart has a HW (heart weight)/BW (body weight of 3%. How would you describe this heart?

Answer 22

enlarged (should be 0.6%)

Question 23

In a 2 or 3 chambered heart, what typically lies between the ventricle and aorta?

Answer 23

conus/bulbus arteriosus

Question 24

What are the 3 main aspects of single-unit smooth muscle?

Answer 24

1) controlled as a unit
2) found throughout blood vessels
3) has gap junctions

Question 25

In contrast to cardiac muscle, actin is connected to __________ in smooth muscle cells, which are broadly distributed across cell membranes

Answer 25

dense bodies

Question 26

Contraction of a smooth muscle cell is largely dependent upon the amount of ________

Answer 26

calcium

Question 27

There is a _____ level of autonomic nervous system innervation on cardiac output

Answer 27

basal

Question 28

What are the 3 aspects of the AV node?

Answer 28

1) secondary pacemaker 2) in health, is the only electrical pathway from atrium to ventricles 3) slower conduction, which delays ventricle depolarization

Question 29

On the Wiggers diagram, which term describes the point where the aortic valve opens and volume begins to decrease in the ventricle?

Answer 29

ejection

Question 30

What part of an ECG describes ventricular depolarization?

Answer 30

QRS complex

Question 31

Which limb lead is the sum of the other two?

Answer 31

lead 2

Question 32

S2 in the phonocardiogram represents what valve closing?

Answer 32

closure of semilunar valves

Question 33

If the R-R interval is 0.83, what is the heart rate?

Answer 33

~72 bpm 60/.83

Question 34

If a heart rate is slow, what is the diagnostic term used?

Answer 34

bradycardia

Question 35

Mannitol has a reflection coefficient that is close to _____ and makes it an excellent _________

Answer 35

1 osmotic diuretic

Question 36

Which component of a blood vessel line the inside?

Answer 36

tunica intima

Question 37

Where does blood pressure fall the most in the vascular tree?

Answer 37

resistance arterioles

Question 38

Which vessels are low pressure and serve as blood reservoirs?

Answer 38

veins

Question 39

Which part of the cardiac layers is responsible for protection, anchoring, and lubrication?

Answer 39

pericardium