Neurophysiology

Question 1

What is the basic concept of neurotransmitter vesicle trafficking/recycling?

Answer 1

1) neurotransmitter is move from storage to membrane
2) released by exocytosis
3) endocytosis of any additional material
4) refill vesicles with neurotransmitters

Question 2

What are the 3 ways we can terminate neurotransmitter release signal?

Answer 2

1) diffusion
2) reuptake through pumps
3) degrades w/ enzymes

Question 3

Acidosis leads to ________ of neuronal activity

Answer 3

depression

Question 4

Alkalosis leads to ___________ in neuronal activity

Answer 4

increase

Question 5

What is the name of a toxin that degrades SNARE complex?

Answer 5

botulism toxin

Question 6

What is neurotransmission?

Answer 6

information passed from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron/terminal organ via chemical transmitter

Question 7

What are the 2 classes of neurotransmitter receptors?

Answer 7

ionotropic
metabotropic

Question 8

What are 4 things that affect how well a receptor works?

Answer 8

1) ligands
2) agonist
3) antagonist
4) binding affinity

Question 9

What does an ionotropic receptor look like?

Answer 9

ion channel surrounded by 5 transmembrane subunits

Question 10

What does a metabotropic receptor look like?

Answer 10

7 transmembrane units with couple G-proteins

Question 11

Which type of neurotransmitter receptor is faster?

Answer 11

ionotropic

Question 12

What are the 5 main types of neurotransmitters?

Answer 12

small molecules
monoamines
amino acids
peptides
endocannabinoids

Question 13

What is the name of the small molecule able to be a neurotransmitter?

Answer 13

acetylcholine

Question 14

What are the 4 types of monoamines that can be neurotransmitters?

Answer 14

dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine
serotonin

Question 15

What is the most important neurotransmitter in the body?

Answer 15

acetylcholine

Question 16

What are the 4 types of amino acids that can be neurotransmitters?

Answer 16

glutamate
aspartate
GABA
glycine

Question 17

What are the 2 types of peptides that can be neurotransmitters?

Answer 17

substance P
opioids

Question 18

What is the name of neurons that release Ach?

Answer 18

cholinergic neurons

Question 19

What are the 4 locations where Ach signals?

Answer 19

neuromuscular junction
enteric nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
CNS

Question 20

________ is retook presynaptically and recycled in a nerve

Answer 20

choline

Question 21

What are 5 types of drugs/toxins that affect Ach neurotransmission?

Answer 21

1) atropine
2) antihistamines
3) antiemetics
4) tricyclic antidepressants
5) belladonna / jimsonweed

Question 22

What are some monoamines that are classified as catecholamines? Why are they classified as such?

Answer 22

dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine

contain a catechol group

Question 23

Catecholamines arise from the amino acid ________

Answer 23

tyrosine

Question 24

Catecholamines are the neurotransmitters for the _______ nervous system

Answer 24

sympathetic

Question 25

90% of monoamines are _______ after being used

Answer 25

recycled

Question 26

What are the 2 enzymes that metabolize norepinephrine?

Answer 26

COMT MAO

Question 27

Metabolites of neurotransmission recycling is excreted in _____

Answer 27

urine

Question 28

What is the major function of dopamine?

Answer 28

mood/reward/addiction

Question 29

What is the primary neurotransmitter for basal ganglia (movement)? Why do we need to know this?

Answer 29

dopamine Parkinson's patients have lowered dopamine

Question 30

80-90% of serotonin is located in the _____

Answer 30

gut

Question 31

Serotonin does what 2 major things?

Answer 31

control appetite control mood

Question 32

What are the 2 primary brain neurotransmitters? Which excites and which inhibits?

Answer 32

glutamate (excitatory) GABA (inhibitory)

Question 33

Glutamate is metabolized to ______ after release/reuptake, and then resynthesized back to glutamate

Answer 33

glutamine

Question 34

Neurotransmitters have a ____ duration, _____ onset

Answer 34

short fast

Question 35

Neurotransmitters have lots of flexibility of what they can do. Why?

Answer 35

1) has multiple receptors 2) different locations of receptors 3) binding affinities