Respiratory Histology

Question 1

What is the function of the conducting portion of airways (3)?

Answer 1

1) cleans
2) warms
3) moistens

Question 2

What are the 6 sections of the conducting portion of airways (proximal to distal)?

Answer 2

1) nasal cavity
2) pharynx
3) larynx
4) trachea
5) bronchi
6) brochioles

Question 3

What are the 2 portions of the respiratory system?

Answer 3

1) conducting
2) respiratory

Question 4

What is the purpose of the conducting portion?

Answer 4

connects exterior of body with respiratory portion for gaseous exchange

Question 5

What is the purpose of the respiratory portion?

Answer 5

gaseous exchange

Question 6

What are the 3 parts of the respiratory portion (proximal to distal)?

Answer 6

1) respiratory bronchioles
2) alveolar ducts
3) alveoli (sacs)

Question 7

What are the 3 regions of the nasal cavity?

Answer 7

1) vestibule (cutaneous) region
2) respiratory (epithelial) region
3) olfactory region

Question 8

In the vestibule region of the nasal cavity, epithelial tissue changes from _______ to ____-________.

Answer 8

keratinized
non-keratinized

Question 9

What is the epithelial type in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

Answer 9

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

goblet cells found here

Question 10

What is the epithelial type in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

Answer 10

tall pseudostratified columnar

specialized!!

Question 11

What type of glands can be found in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity? What else can be found in this region?

Answer 11

serous AND mucus

lymphoid aggregates and numerous blood vessels

Question 12

Mucus secretions _____, while serous secretions have _______/_________ properties

Answer 12

grab

antibacterial
antimicrobial

Question 13

The respiratory region of the nasal cavity has _____ and _______ that help with motility to prevent respiratory infections

Answer 13

cilia
microvilli

Question 14

What are the 3 cell types of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

Answer 14

1) olfactory receptor cells
2) sustentacular cells
3) basal cells

Question 15

The olfactory receptor cells are _____ neurons where the apex is modified _____ with modified _______, and the axon interacts with the _________ ______.

Answer 15

bipolar
dendrite
cilia
olfactory nerve

Question 16

Sustentacular cells have a ___ apex with microvilli and a ___ base. They produce what to help present odorant to receptor?

Answer 16

broad
narrow
odorant binding proteins

Question 17

What are the basal cells of the olfactory region?

Answer 17

precursors for olfactory cells

Question 18

What are the layers of tubular organs (from interior to exterior)?

Answer 18

tunica mucosa
tunica submucosa
tunica muscularis
tunica serosa

Question 19

What are the 3 sections of tunica mucosa in tubular organs?

Answer 19

1) lamina epithelialis mucosae
2) lamina propria mucosae
3) lamina muscularis mucosae

Question 20

What type of epithelium is the tunica submucosa made of?

Answer 20

glandular epithelium

Question 21

Tubular organs are made mostly of _____ muscle

Answer 21

smooth

Question 22

The ____ is encircled by C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings. What are the 4 layers of this organ (inner to outer)?

Answer 22

trachea

1) lamina epithelialis mucosae
2) lamina propria + tunica submucosa
3) tunica muscularis
4) tunica adventitia

Question 23

What thicker layer of the trachea includes the lamina epithelialis and lamina propria?

Answer 23

tunica mucosa

Question 24

Which part of the tunica mucosa is missing from the trachea?

Answer 24

lamina muscularis mucosae

Question 25

Lamina epithelialis mucosae is what type of epithelium?

Answer 25

ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 26

Which part of the trachea is loose connective tissue where lymphocytes, plasma cells, and mast cells can be found?

Answer 26

lamina propria/tunica submucosa

Question 27

Which section of the trachea has the trachealis muscle and joins end of cartilage rings?

Answer 27

tunica muscularis

Question 28

Which section of the trachea has areolar loose connective tissue meant more-so for cushion?

Answer 28

tunica adventitia

Question 29

What is the single term for bronchi?

Answer 29

bronchus

Question 30

How many primary branches of bronchi are there?

Answer 30

2

Question 31

What are the branches of bronchi?

Answer 31

primary secondary tertiary

Question 32

Trachea cartilage rings become _______ and _______ in the bronchi, then disappear in the bronchioles

Answer 32

smaller interrupted

Question 33

What are the 4 layers of the bronchi?

Answer 33

1) tunica mucosa 2) tunica submucosa 3) tunica muscularis 4) tunica adventitia

Question 34

The tunica submucosa begins to merge with the tunica _______ distally in bronchi

Answer 34

adventitia

Question 35

The tunica submucosa contains what kinds of glands?

Answer 35

sero-mucous

Question 36

What is the smallest component of the conductive portion of the respiratory system? What are the 2 layers of the them?

Answer 36

bronchioles 1) tunica mucosa 2) lamina muscularis mucosae

Question 37

What is different in the tunica mucosa of the terminal bronchioles vs the other aspects of the conductive respiratory system?

Answer 37

no goblet cells

Question 38

Lamina muscularis mucosae is innervated by what type of nerve fibers?

Answer 38

autonomic

Question 39

What are NCB cells and why are they important?

Answer 39

non-ciliated bronchiolar cells precursors of other bronchiolar epithelial cells and can detoxify noxious substances

Question 40

Respiratory bronchioles are lined by what type of epithelium and are interrupted by what?

Answer 40

simple cuboidal out pockets of alveoli

Question 41

The part where terminal bronchioles become respiratory bronchioles is called the...

Answer 41

transition zone

Question 42

Alveolar ducts are almost completely lined in _______ and what else?

Answer 42

alveoli smooth muscle cells and epithelial cells

Question 43

What is the singular term for alveoli?

Answer 43

alveolus

Question 44

Where is the site of gas exchange?

Answer 44

alveolar sac

Question 45

What is the alveolar sac?

Answer 45

a group of alveoli which share a common opening into the lumen of a duct

Question 46

What are alveolar pores?

Answer 46

small openings in the alveolar wall that allow passage of air between adjacent alveoli

Question 47

What are the 3 components of alveolar septum walls?

Answer 47

1) alveolar surface epithelium 2) capillary endothelium 3) interstitial tissue between basement membranes and collagen fibers

Question 48

Capillaries form _____ around each alveolus

Answer 48

plexus

Question 49

What is interstitial tissue made of?

Answer 49

fine fibers -reticular, collage, and elastic fibers fibroblasts

Question 50

What are the 2 types of alveolar epithelial cells?

Answer 50

1) Type 1 AEC 2) Type 2 AEC

Question 51

Which type of AEC covers 95% of alveolar surfaces and are made of simple squamous epithelium?

Answer 51

Type 1

Question 52

Which type of AEC is rounded, covers only 5% of alveolar surface, and secretes surfactant?

Answer 52

Type 2

Question 53

What is surfactant? What does it do?

Answer 53

complex mixture rich in phospholipids reduces surface tension and prevent collapsion of alveoli during exhalation

Question 54

AEC lies on ____ side of basement membrane and endothelial cells lie on the ________ side

Answer 54

convex cancave

Question 55

Alveolar macrophages are also known as...

Answer 55

pulmonary macrophages

Question 56

What do pulmonary macrophages do?

Answer 56

defend against particulate matter

Question 57

What is the mucociliary escalator?

Answer 57

cilia that help transport debris from respiratory system, up to pharynx, and then swallowed into stomach

Question 58

What is pleura?

Answer 58

serous membranes that line cavities that contain the lungs

Question 59

What tissue type is pleura made of?

Answer 59

collagenous tissue with mesothelial cells

Question 60

Portion of pleura over lungs is called ______ pleura, while portion of pleura on the wall of thoracic cavity is _______ pleura

Answer 60

visceral parietal