Hormones and Sexual Behavior Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
When is there more sexual interest in women
A
Around ovulation
2
Q
What does 5-alpha reductase do?
A
Converts testosterone to 5-alpha dihydrotestosterone
3
Q
What activates sexual behavior in women?
A
Maybe testosterone but no other species exhibits that. Need more research on ovarian hormones (estrogen)
4
Q
Characteristics of kleinfelter syndrome
A
Tall stature, some female secondary sex characteristics such as wide hips and breast growth. Show signs of a female puberty
5
Q
When are females more accurately able to guess male sexual orientation?
A
Close to ovulation
6
Q
How do hormones and sex differences play a role in health?
A
Many psychological disorders affect males and females at different rates
7
Q
When does puberty really start?
A
When gonadotropins are first released in large amounts
8
Q
Turner Syndrome
A
Sex monosomie. 45 X0
9
Q
Stable pattern of attraction to members of a particular sex that isn’t the same as sexual behavior or fantasy and isn’t purely dichotomous
A
Sexual orientation
10
Q
What does insulin do and where is it produced?
A
Blood glucose produced in pancreas
11
Q
What do estrogens do and where are they produced
A
Breast development and menarche in females produced in ovaries and testes and adrenal glands
12
Q
Blood levels of LH and FSH pituitary hormones during human menstrual cycle
A
Higher LH than FSH
13
Q
What do OAEs presumably indicate?
A
The influence of prenatal testosterone levels
14
Q
Three steps of puberty
A
- ) Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to pituitary glad
- ) Pituitary gland releases gonadotropins
- ) Secretion of sex hormones from the glands
15
Q
Gonads in AIS and 5ARD
A
Neither in AIS and undescended testes in 5ARD
16
Q
What happens at puberty
A
Sexual maturation and the development of secondary sex characteristics
17
Q
Premenstrual mood changes are usually severe affecting cognition and daily life
A
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
18
Q
New mothers experience feelings of depression due to rapidly changing hormonal environment
A
Postpartum depression (and anxiety and psychosis)
19
Q
What does progesterone do and where is it produced
A
Preparation of uterus for implantation of fertilized egg produced in ovaries and testes and adrenal glands
20
Q
What causes androgen insensitivity syndrome?
A
Abnormal androgen receptors disrupt normal development of the Wolffian system, though testosterone and anti-mullerian hormone are released in normal manner. Non-functional androgen receptors
21
Q
What do testosterone levels correlate with?
A
Activation during spatial tasks
22
Q
Female sexual interest stability
A
Not as stable as men
23
Q
What do all sex hormones come from?
A
Cholesterol
24
Q
What do androgens do and where are they produced
A
male secondary sex characteristics, sexual arousal in males and females and produced in testes as well as ovaries and adrenal glands
25
Phenotype of turner syndrome
Female
26
What does every fetus have at 6 weeks?
Both a wollfian and mullerian duct
27
A type of hormone that causes a defeminizing effect that prevents the mullerian system from developing
Anti-mullerian hormone
28
External genitalia of turner syndrome
typical
29
Females preferences of males for casual sexual encounters and long term partners
Masculine men for casual and less masculine men for long term
30
What do estradiol levels correlate with?
Activation in language centers
31
Creates the testis determining factor protein
SRY gene
32
Kleinfelter syndrome
Sex polysomie. 47 XXY
33
What do cortisol, NE, epinephrine (adrenaline) do and where are they produced
Bodily functions during stressful and emotional states produced in adrenal glands
34
Birth order effects on sexual orientation?
Males with older brothers are more likely to be homosexual due to the mothers immune response to Y chromosome proteins strengthening with subsequent pregnancies
35
Male gonads
Testes
36
When do testosterone levels increase in males?
Anticipation of competition and further increases in winners. Losers lose testosterone
37
Addresses the question what hormones to make?
Organizational hormone effects
38
What happens without the SRY gene?
It is default which is female. The gonads become ovaries
39
Long-term, irreversible effects that are associated with critical or sensitive periods. Hormones
Organizational hormone effects
40
Effects of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in females
Exposed to excessive androgen; born with ambiguous external genitalia
41
When does differentiation of gonads occur?
During the third month
42
Characteristics of XYY
Increased risk for acne and learning disabilities. Minor risk factors for impulsive, antisocial, and primal misbehavior. MAYBE a harder time with impulse control
43
Higher testosterone and lower estrogen and vice versa relationship to hand development?
Higher testosterone = 4D bigger than 2D. Male pattern
| Higher estrogen = 2D bigger or equal to 4D. Female pattern
44
What activates sexual behavior in men?
Testosterone
45
External female genitalia
Labia, clitoris and outer vagina
46
Short-term, reversible effects that occur around puberty and sexual maturity. Hormones
Activational hormone effects
47
Sex polysomies
Three sex chromosomes. 47 XXX, 47 XXY - Klinefelter syndrome
| 47 XYY - Supermale
48
Chromosomes in AIS and 5ARD
XY for both
49
Areas of decreased activity viewing someone you love
Prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus
50
Genitalia at birth in AIS and 5ARD
Female for both
51
Intelligence of turner syndrome
Normal. Typically have high educational and occupational achievement levels
52
When is oxytocin secreted and what does it do?
Secreted during child birth and female and male orgasms. It promotes pair bonding
53
Biological characteristic of being male or female
Sex
54
This often requires testosterone treatment at puberty for masculine traits
Kleinfelter syndrome
55
What happens when there is no SRY gene?
It will be a female
56
What features are preferred on females by most males?
Younger features
57
How do preferences for masculinity vary in females?
Based on fertility cycle and presence of hormonal contraception
58
When do children begin to prefer sex-typed toys?
Between 12 and 18 months
59
Do males or females express more vasopressin?
Males
60
External male genitalia
Scrotum and testes
61
What are androgens?
Type of steroid hormone that develops and maintains typically masculine characteristics or sexual interest
62
Homosexual males outperformed heterosexual females on these and homosexual males and heterosexual females outperformed heterosexual males and homosexual females
Verbal fluency tasks
63
Male and female sexual behaviors exhibited in rats?
Mounting and lordosis
64
What are oxytocin and vasopressin
Neuropeptides. Neurohormones
65
External genitalia of kleinfelter syndrome
Small penis and testes
66
Genetic males but phenotypic females with usually female gender identities
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
67
What are androgens a precursor for?
Estrogen
68
Female gonads
Ovaries
69
Develops into uterus, upper vagina, and fallopian tubes
Mullerian system. Female
70
What does early exposure to sex hormones influence?
Adult sexual behavior in animals and humans
71
What may genetics have effects on?
Direct effects on sexual orientation or indirect effects on prenatal androgen environments
72
What do all embryos have?
Precursors to both male and female internal organs
73
Phenotype of kleinfelter syndrome
Male but lots of feminization of features
74
Gonads of turner syndrome
Streak ovaries. So much connective tissue it prevents them from being functional. No ova or ovarian hormones. Infertile
75
What does melatonin do and where is it produced?
Biological rhythms and sleep produced in pineal gland
76
Sex monosomies
Only one sex chromosome. 45 X0 - Turner syndrome
| 45 Y0 - no record, you need an x to be alive
77
Gonads of kleinfelter syndrome
Underdeveloped testes. Have a low fertility rate
78
What do males have a slight advantage in and what do females have a slight advantage in?
```
Males = visuospatial tasks
Females = verbal tasks
```
79
Causes the primordial gonads to develop into testes
testis determining factor protein
80
Males always outperform females on these and heterosexual males outperform homosexual males, bisexual males fall in between
Visuospatial tasks
81
Do males or females express more oxytocin?
Females
82
A type of hormone and androgen that causes masculinizing effect that promotes development of Wolffian system
testosterone
83
Possible biomarkers of sexual orientation
Otoacoustic emissions of lesbian and bisexual women. 2D:4D ration
84
What are sex differences mediated by?
continued expression of genes on both X and Y chromosomes, especially in the Brian, organizational and activation hormone effects, epigenetics, and societal and cultural influences
85
Jacob syndrome ("supermale")
Sex polysomie. 47 XYY
86
Females produce louder these than males
click evoked OAEs (CEOAEs)
87
How does the Mullerian system develop?
It develops in the absence of male hormones
88
Where are androgens found?
Both male and females
89
Where are there a large number of androgen and estrogen receptors?
Digits 2 and 4. More on 4
90
Why are testes gonads?
They start inside and become external
91
What is vasopressin and what does it do?
Neurohormone involved in social behavior, sexual behavior and pair bonding
92
Proteins made and sex chromosome abnormalities
Less chromosomes = less proteins made
| More chromosomes = more proteins made
93
What hormonal activity is required for external female genitalia development?
None
94
Genotype and phenotype of XYY
Male for both
95
Areas of increased activity viewing someone you love
Insula, basal ganglia, anterior cingulate cortex
96
What do males and females both produce?
Androgens and estrogens but in different amounts
97
What motor skills do males and females develop?
Gross motor skills in males and fine motor skills in females
98
How are sex differences activated in the brain?
Continuous testosterone production in males at puberty and estrus cycle in females at puberty
99
Are ovaries active during fetal development?
No. The absence of active testes causes the development of the mullerian system
100
What is oxytocin and what does it do?
Neurohormone that promotes pair bonding
101
What does testosterone stimulate in males that are the secondary sex characteristics?
Muscular development, maturation of external genitalia, facial and body hair (hairline on the head and baldness), enlargement of larynx (deeper voice)
102
Genetics role in sexual orientation
Influence it although we don't understand the exact mechanisms. More than genetics is at play. Regions on chromosome 8 and the X chromosome predict sexual orientation
103
Fertility in XYY
Maybe slightly reduced and a higher chance for male offspring
104
Addresses the question what do the hormones do?
Activational hormone effects
105
What are two gonadotropins?
Leutinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
106
Indirect markers/correlates of prenatal androgen exposure
Length of fingers (2D:4D), otoacoustic emissions, birth order (5th boy has more prenatal exposure)
107
When can the sex be determined externally?
Around 18 weeks
108
Fertility in AIS and 5ARD
Infertile in AIS and normal in 5ARD
109
Adrenal glands release elevated levels of androgens
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
110
What are the sexually dimorphic brain structures?
Sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) (rats), interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH), spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus, thalamus, and white matter of the cerebral hemisphere
111
What happens in 5ARD deficiency (5ARD)?
At puberty, unconverted testosterone produces male secondary sex characteristics. Raised as females and have a male puberty
112
Effect of a hormone that occurs in the fully developed organism, beginning at time of puberty
Activational hormone effects
113
When is genetic sex determined?
The time of fertilization
114
Importance of symmetry in attraction
More symmetrical faces are more attractive
115
How many variables determine sex?
Many. Chromosomes, hormone balances, and phenotypic variants of physical characteristics
116
Most well known androgen
Testosterone
117
Blood levels of ovarian hormones during human menstrual cycle
High estrogens and low progesterone then they flip
118
What hormonal activity is required for external male genitalia development?
5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone is converted from testosterone by 5-alpha-reductase. Needs to happen for external genitalia development in males. Loss results in ambiguous external genitalia
119
Hormonal effects on the differentiation and development of the sex organs, brain and behavior in early development
Organizational hormone effects
120
When are testosterone levels in males lowered?
Older men, long-term relationships, following the birth of a baby (return in 3-6 months)
121
Intelligence of kleinfelter syndrome
Mild cognitive difficulties and social awkwardness
122
What does estradiol stimulate in females that are the secondary sex characteristics?
Breast growth, maturation of external genitalia and uterus, changes in deposition of body fat, menstrual cycle
123
During the third month, what causes the male gonads to develop?
Male testes (via SRY gene) secrete testosterone and anti-mullerian hormone
124
Internal sex organs
gonads
125
Sexual development in XXY
Normal
126
What kind of immune system is preferred in a partner?
One different from our own
127
Genitalia at puberty for AIS and 5ARD
Female for AIS and masculine for 5ARD
128
Male and female sex chromosomes
XX for female and XY for male
129
What is the sex determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY) gene and what does it do?
Determines if the gonads will be male or female.
130
How is sex determined?
If the sperm carries an X or Y chromosome
131
Develops into seminal vesicles, vas deferent, prostate
Wolffian system. Male
132
Females produce a higher number of these than males
spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs)
133
What do people with androgen insensitivity syndrome lack?
Internal reproductive organs. They are infertile
134
Do many people with sex polysomies know they have them?
No
135
4 steps of sex hormone production
1. ) Cholesterol to progesterone
2. ) Progesterone to testosterone (androgen)
3. ) Aromatization (changing the molecule) necessary to form estradiol
4. ) Estradiol to estrogens
136
What does thyroxine do and where is it produced?
Metabolic rate produced in thyroid gland
137
What do gonads do?
Produce eggs or sperm (gametes) and secrete hormones (more important for our purposes)
138
Learned/sociocultural characteristic of being masculine or feminine
Gender
139
Is testosterone found only in males?
No
140
Effects of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in males
Few observable effects. Ceiling effect, adding a little testosterone to a lot
141
Physical and psychological symptoms immediately prior to the onset of menstruation
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
