Pharmacology for Exam 2

Question 1

What do non-competitive antagonists do?

Answer 1

They bind to a site on the receptor that keeps the channel closed but isn’t the same site as the NT. When the NT binds to its site on the receptor, it does not activate and the channel stays closed

Question 2

What do MDMA and SSRI’s (Prozac, etc.) do? Agonist or antagonist?

Answer 2

Inhibit serotonin reuptake. Agonist

Question 3

What does additional L-dopa do? Agonist or antagonist?

Answer 3

Increases dopamine production. Agonist

Question 4

What do cocaine, amphetamines, and methylphenidate (Ritalin) do? Agonist or antagonist?

Answer 4

Inhibit dopamine reuptake. Agonist.

Question 5

What two types of antagonists are there?

Answer 5

Competitive and non-competitive

Question 6

What do cocaine, amphetamine, and Ritalin do?

Answer 6

Inhibit dopamine reuptake

Question 7

What do SSRIs (Prozac) do?

Answer 7

Inhibit serotonin reuptake

Question 8

What do migraine medications do? Agonist or antagonist?

Answer 8

Stimulate serotonin receptors. Agonist

Question 9

What is an antagonist?

Answer 9

A drug that blocks or decreases the effect of a NT

Question 10

What do MAO inhibitors do? Agonist or antagonist?

Answer 10

Interfere with the breakdown of monoamines including serotonin. Agonist

Question 11

LOOK AT THE TWO CHARTS AT END OF NOTES

Answer 11

LOOK AT THE TWO CHARTS AT END OF NOTES

Question 12

What do organophostaphates do?

Answer 12

They interfere with the enzyme AChE. Involved in enzyme degradation in the synapse

Question 13

When the ligand fits perfectly with the receptor

Answer 13

High affinity

Question 14

Any substance that alters the body or its functions

Answer 14

Drug

Question 15

What does an increase in tryptophan from food do? Agonist or antagonist?

Answer 15

Increases serotonin production. Agonist

Question 16

What do agonists do to receptors?

Answer 16

They activate receptors

Question 17

Strength of association between ligand and receptor. How well it binds to the receptor

Answer 17

Affinity

Question 18

What does apomorphine do? Agonist or antagonist?

Answer 18

Stimulates dopamine receptors. Agonist

Question 19

Therapeutic index (wide vs narrow)

Answer 19

Wide is safe and narrow is risky. The line where the dose changes from mostly positive to mostly negative effects

Question 20

What does nicotine do? Is it an agonist or antagonist?

Answer 20

Stimulates ACh receptors. Agonist

Question 21

Amount of drug required to produce a certain response. Indicates power

Answer 21

Potency

Question 22

Where do drugs act presynaptically?

Answer 22

NT production, NT storage, and NT release

Question 23

What do drugs that treat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia do? Agonist or antagonist?

Answer 23

Block serotonin receptors. Antagonist

Question 24

What may apomorphine be able to help treat?

Answer 24

Parkinson’s disease. Not currently approved for treatment, however.

Question 25

Drugs that block the synaptic activity by occupying a binding site different from the NT on a receptor

Answer 25

Competitive or non-competitive antagonists

Question 26

Property of a drug that determines its ability to produce its biological effect. How much response we are getting

Answer 26

Efficacy

Question 27

Example of a drug affecting NT storage

Answer 27

Reserpine (used to treat mild to moderate hypertension) affecting storage of norepinephrine. Presynaptic

Question 28

What is ED50?

Answer 28

The effective dose where you get 50% of the desired response

Question 29

What do competitive antagonists do?

Answer 29

They bind to the site where a NT would bind and block it from binding with the receptor. The channel stays closed

Question 30

How do drugs affect NT storage?

Answer 30

They interfere with the storage of a NT in vesicles within a neuron. Presynaptic

Question 31

What are some things the body does with drugs?

Answer 31

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

Question 32

When the ligand fits with the receptor, but not perfectly

Answer 32

Medium affinity

Question 33

What do drugs do to affect postsynaptic receptors?

Answer 33

Mimic the action of a NT at the site (agonist), block the synaptic activity by occupying a blinding site (competitive or non-competitive antagonist), and influence the activity of the receptor

Question 34

Example of a drug affecting NT release

Answer 34

Botox. Presynaptic

Question 35

What is the ceiling effect?

Answer 35

When the response to the drug levels out because the receptors are saturated

Question 36

What does dietary choline do? Is it an agonist or antagonist?

Answer 36

Increases the production of ACh. Agonist

Question 37

What is EC50?

Answer 37

The effective concentration where you get 50% of the desired response

Question 38

What does curare do? Is it an agonist or antagonist?

Answer 38

It blocks ACh receptors. Antagonist

Question 39

Drugs actions/effects and relationship in the removal from a synapse

Answer 39

Reuptake effects, enzymatic degradation, deactivation of NTs

Question 40

What are the mechanisms for drug addiction?

Answer 40

By stage of NT life cycle, by interaction at specific NT synapse, prescribed medication, psychoactive drugs

Question 41

How do agonists work?

Answer 41

They activate receptors and act as NTs. They block reuptake or enzymatic degradation

Question 42

What do organophosphates do?Are they agonists or antagonists?

Answer 42

Block the action of acetylcholinesterase. Agonist

Question 43

What does black widow venom do? Is it an agonist or antagonist?

Answer 43

Promotes ACh release. Agonist

Question 44

How do drugs affect NT production?

Answer 44

They manipulate the synthesis of a NT to affect the amount available for release. Presynaptic

Question 45

How do antagonists work?

Answer 45

They block receptors without activating them. They decrease the availability of NTs by reducing production of release

Question 46

What the body does to drugs

Answer 46

Pharmacokinetics

Question 47

When the ligand doesn't really fit with the receptor

Answer 47

Low affinity

Question 48

What does botulin toxin do? Is it an agonist or antagonist?

Answer 48

It blocks the release of ACh. Antagonist

Question 49

How do drugs affect NT release?

Answer 49

They can modify the release of a NT in response to the arrival of an action potential. Presynaptic

Question 50

Is it easier for drugs to create more or less of a NT?

Answer 50

Easier to make it less than more. Presynaptic

Question 51

What drugs are involved in reuptake effects?

Answer 51

Cocaine, amphetamine, and Ritalin inhibit dopamine reuptake. | SSRIs (Prozac) inhibit serotonin reputake

Question 52

What does MDMA (ecstasy) do? Agonist or antagonist?

Answer 52

Increases serotonin release. Agonist

Question 53

What is an agonist?

Answer 53

A drug that mimics or enhances the effect of a NT

Question 54

Drugs that mimic the action of a NT at their binding site on a receptor

Answer 54

Agonist

Question 55

Where do drugs act postsynaptically?

Answer 55

They affect postsynaptic receptors

Question 56

What do amphetamines do? Agonist or antagonist?

Answer 56

Increase the release of dopamine. Agonist

Question 57

Relationship between concentrations of drug and biological effects. What drugs do to the body

Answer 57

Pharmacodynamics

Question 58

What do most traditional schizophrenia medicines do? Agonist or antagonist?

Answer 58

Block dopamine receptors. Antagonist

Question 59

What do antagonists do to receptors?

Answer 59

They block receptors without activating them

Question 60

What do partial agonists do?

Answer 60

They mimic NTs but aren't as good as a NT. Like opening a gate or channel but for not as long

Question 61

Is it easier to make drugs influence glial cells or NTs?

Answer 61

NTs

Question 62

What do full agonists do?

Answer 62

They mimic NTs and provide a response that is just as good as NTs

Question 63

What does reserpine do? Agonist or antagonist?

Answer 63

Interferes with storage of dopamine and serotonin. Antagonist