Learning

Question 1

What long term synaptic changes occur in habituation?

Answer 1

Less presynaptic terminals of sensory neurons

Question 2

Increase likelihood of behavior

Answer 2

Reinforcement

Question 3

What is the purpose of habituation?

Answer 3

Allow the organism to ignore old or non-important cues and focus on learning new or important info

Question 4

In fear conditioning, where does info about the CS and UCS converge?

Answer 4

Lateral nucleus of the amygdala

Question 5

Learned reaction to a CS. Sam effect as UCR

Answer 5

Conditioned response

Question 6

Three categories of responses to environment

Answer 6

Reflexes, instincts, and learning

Question 7

What are habituation and sensitization both focused around?

Answer 7

Repetition of stimuli

Question 8

How does the brain get information about UCSs?

Answer 8

Climbing fibers from the inferior olive (auditory pathway) of the medulla synapse on Purkinje fibers

Question 9

How does learning occur in classical conditioning?

Answer 9

If the climbing fiber (UCS) and parallel fiber (CS) synapses onto a purkinje cell are activated at the same time

Question 10

Is reinforcement or punishment more effective?

Answer 10

Reinforcement

Question 11

What supports the amygdala’s role in fear conditioning?

Answer 11

Lesion, recording (more activity in fear conditioning), and application of NMDA antagonist (block and the fear response goes away)

Question 12

What happens if you lesion the hippocampus of an animal after they have already gone through a water maze?

Answer 12

It is like they have never gone through the maze before and it is their first time

Question 13

DIAGRAM ON PAGE 23

Answer 13

DIAGRAM ON PAGE 23

Question 14

Why was eyeblink classical conditioned studied in rabbits?

Answer 14

They have a nictitating membrane which is an extra membrane on the eyes that acts like a second eyelid

Question 15

What part of the brain provides information about CSs and how does it communicate the info?

Answer 15

Cerebellar granule cells. Receive input via mossy fibers from the pons and communicate with the purkinje cells via parallel fibers

Question 16

What is the purpose of sensitization?

Answer 16

Allow the organism to focus on dangerous, irritating, or annoying stimuli. Inc response in hopes of it going away

Question 17

Consequences of a behavior shape future performance

Answer 17

Operant conditioning

Question 18

What can reinforcement and punishment both be?

Answer 18

Positive (add something) or negative (take something away)

Question 19

Unlearned reaction to a UCS

Answer 19

Unconditioned response

Question 20

Neuronal activity to reflexes

Answer 20

Single stimulus causes sensory neuron to release NT which causes motor neuron to release NT which causes a reaction

Question 21

Where do the cerebellar granule cells receive info from and pass it to and how?

Answer 21

Receive input via mossy fibers from the pons and communicate with the purkinje cells via parallel fibers

Question 22

Three tests of spatial learning

Answer 22

Mazes, water mazes, and food caching

Question 23

What part of the brain is involved in classical conditioning? Involved in learning and movement

Answer 23

Cerebellum

Question 24

Grid cells. “Whats the environment”

Answer 24

Entorhinal cortex

Question 25

What area of the brain is needed for learning to occur that was found in rabbits?

Answer 25

Interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum

Question 26

Change in magnitude of response to environmental events. Habituation and sensitization

Answer 26

Non-associative learning

Question 27

Difference between habituation and sensory adaptation

Answer 27

Habituation: Decrease the response | Sensory adaptation: Decreasing perception

Question 28

Experience of one strong stimulus heightens the behavioral response to subsequent stimuli

Answer 28

Sensitization

Question 29

Initially neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to signal important biological events. Learned cause

Answer 29

Conditioned stimulus

Question 30

What happens at synapses in habituation and why?

Answer 30

Reduced activity at synapse between sensory and motor neurons; they reduce less NTs. It is a direct result of decreased glutamate release

Question 31

What does trace conditioning require?

Answer 31

Participation of forebrain areas and conscious, declarative processes

Question 32

What type of learning is dependent on the hippocampal formation?

Answer 32

Spatial learning

Question 33

What happens at synapses in sensitization and why?

Answer 33

Serotonin releases (from interneuron) promotes enhanced glutamate release (from sensory neuron). More NT is released

Question 34

What are long term habituation and long term sensitization related to?

Answer 34

CREB protein which plays an active role in memory formation across the animal kingdom

Question 35

Fear conditioning pathway

Answer 35

CS and UCS to lateral amygdala to response selection network to output areas including central nucleus to behavior including freezing, approach, avoidance, fighting, escape, reward seeking

Question 36

What 3 areas combine to help an animal navigate?

Answer 36

Hippocampus, subiculum, and entorhinal cortex

Question 37

The CS overlaps the UCS; there is no stimulus free interval

Answer 37

Delay conditioning

Question 38

Event that elicits response without prior experience

Answer 38

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 39

What long term synaptic changes occur in sensitization?

Answer 39

More presynaptic terminals of sensory neurons, more dendrites on motor neurons

Question 40

What is disinhibition?

Answer 40

When the climbing fiber (UCS) and parallel fiber (CS) synapses onto a purkinje cell are activated at the same time

Question 41

Decrease in strength of occurrence of behavioral response after repeated exposure to stimulus

Answer 41

Habituation

Question 42

Place cells. "Where am I"

Answer 42

Hippocampus

Question 43

What do purkinje cells do in classical conditioning?

Answer 43

They synapse on output cells in the interpositus nucleus and send stopping signals which mean go

Question 44

What happens to the lateral interpositus nucleus in classical conditioning?

Answer 44

It becomes disinhibited, allowing increased response to a CS alone

Question 45

Decreases likelihood of behavior

Answer 45

Punishment

Question 46

Connection between two elements or events. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Answer 46

Associative learning

Question 47

How does age relate to classical conditioning and why?

Answer 47

Young people or animals learn classical conditioning faster. Age-related shrinkage of the cerebellum predicts time needed to learn a classically conditioned response

Question 48

What does the red nucleus do?

Answer 48

Projects to facial and abducens nuclei controlling reflexive eyeblink

Question 49

Is trace or delay conditioning easier and why?

Answer 49

Delay is easier because there is no stimulus free period; there is no delay between the CS and UCS

Question 50

The CS and the UCS do not overlap; a stimulus free interval occurs

Answer 50

Trace conditioning

Question 51

What happens to purkinje cells in classical conditioning?

Answer 51

They become less responsive to glutamate and show long term depression (type of plasticity)

Question 52

Direction cells. "Where am I going"

Answer 52

Subiculum

Question 53

What does an NMDA antagonist do?

Answer 53

Causes the fear response to go away

Question 54

What is the lateral interpositus nucleus important for?

Answer 54

Learning eyeblink conditioning

Question 55

What happens in the sham control and cortical control in a water maze?

Answer 55

They solve the maze quickly based on previous experience

Question 56

What initiates a conditioned fear response and how?

Answer 56

The central nucleus of the amygdala by contacting output areas in the hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray