Flashcards in Sleep Deck (82)
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1
Acute sleep deprivation example
Cramming
2
How does the first half of the night differ from the second?
More REM in second half and more NREM 3 and 4 in the first half
3
Where are the locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei?
Pons
4
Why do infants get a lot of REM sleep?
Synapse building
5
Chemicals associated with sleep
Melatonin, adenosine, GABA
6
Chemicals associated with wakefulness
NE, 5HT, ACh, dopamine, histamine, hypocretin
7
What are the k complexes and sleep spindles thought to do?
Suppress cortical arousal to non-dangerous external stimuli (wake up only to meaningful stimuli) and aid in sleep based memory consolidation
8
What happens from the neck down in REM?
Paralysis
9
Releases NE
Locus coeruleus
10
What do beta and alpha waves represent?
Beta = awake/alert
Alpha = awake/relaxed
11
Sleep. 1-3 Hz
Delta waves
12
What is hypnic myoclonia?
Jerking yourself awake bc you think you're falling
13
Neurons are firing more in unison and characterizes deep stages of sleep
Synchronous brain activity
14
What are ultradian cycles?
Times of being alert (more beta waves) occurring in 90 minute cycles
15
What do both waking and sleep involve?
Reciprocal circuits of excitation and inhibition
16
REM off areas
LC and RN
17
What appears in REM?
Active EEG similar to awake, beta waves, paradoxical sleep, and sympathetic nervous system activity
18
CHART ON 20
CHART ON 20
19
What does it mean to be task negative? What process is task negative?
Unfocused, daydreaming, mind-wandering. Default mode network is task negative
20
What happens during sensory input?
High frequency gamma band activity
21
Waves of NREM stage 1
Theta
22
Chronic sleep deprivation example
Only 5 hours for 3 months
23
What is NREM stage 1 similar to?
EEG of awake but with more theta hypnic myoclonia
24
What happens to REM sleep with increasing age?
It decreases and then remains relatively constant
25
What do EEGs do in sleep studies?
Electrodes on scalp record gross activity of the brain. Synchronized and desynchronized activity
26
Effects of sever sleep deprivation
Brief visual hallucinations (bad hallucination) and adverse health outcomes
27
Tired. 4-7 Hz
Theta waves
28
What happens in NREM stage 1?
Light sleep, muscle activity slows down, occasional muscle twitching
29
5HT and NE levels in awake, asleep (NREM), and asleep (REM)
Awake = high
NREM = low
REM = off
30
These areas are most active in alert states but silent during REM
Locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei
31
These areas have diverse and rich projections to many brain areas
Locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei
32
What waves are in awake?
Alpha and beta
33
What do the LC and RN do before and during REM?
Decrease activity before sleep to disinhibit the pons. After 30 mins of REM they reactivate, inhibiting the pons leading to wakefulness or more NREM sleep
34
What percentage of sleep is NREM stage 1?
5%
35
Stimulation inhibits wakefulness circuits = more sleepy
Preoptic area of hypothalamus
36
How long are ultradian cycles?
About 90 minutes
37
What waves are shown in a waking EEG?
Alternation between beta and alpha
38
What happens in NREM 3?
Deep sleep begins, brain begins to generate slow delta waves
39
What percentage of sleep is in NREM 4?
12-15%
40
Alertness. 13-25 Hz
Beta waves
41
How does sleep restore our bodies?
The release of growth hormone and the repair of free radical induced damage
42
What types of processes are waking and sleep?
Active processes
43
What sleep stage is most common?
NREM 2
44
High during wakefulness and REM
ACh and glutamate
45
Onset of dark cycle. Surge before opening of sleep gate
Melatonin
46
Effects of moderate sleep deprivation
Depression, difficulty learning
47
What appears in NREM 4?
Delta waves, parasympathetic activity, and growth hormone release in the highest amount
48
What happens in NREM 4?
Very deep sleep, rhythmic breathing, limited muscle activity, brain produces delta waves
49
What is free radical induced damage
A factor associated with aging
50
What happens in REM?
Rapid eye movement, brainwaves speed up and dreaming occurs, muscles relax and heart rate inc, and breathing is rapid and shallow
51
What do electrooculograms (EOG) do in sleep studies?
Electrodes on eyelids to detect eye movements
52
High during wakefulness and low during sleep. Lowering during REM than NREM
Histamine
53
How are memories consolidated during sleep?
Learning during waking strengthens connections and memory processes are reorganized during sleep
54
What percentage of sleep is REM?
20-25%
55
This has higher EEG frequencies and lower amplitudes. Includes beta and gamma waves
Desynchronous brain activity
56
Waves of relaxed wakefulness
Alpha waves
57
What happens in NREM stage 2?
Breathing pattern and heart rate slows, slight decrease in body temp
58
Helps maintain desynchronized activity in cerebral cortex
Reticular formation
59
What waves are in NREM stage 2?
Sleep spindles and k complexes
60
What percentage of sleep in NREM stage 2?
45-55%
61
REM on area
Reticular formation in rostral pons
62
What do electromyograms (EMG) do in sleep studies?
Electrodes on muscles to record movement
63
What waves are in NREM 4?
Delta
64
What waves are in REM?
Beta
65
Builds up during wakefulness, gradually drops during sleep, and its receptors are blocked by caffeine
Adenosine
66
Wha happens in the default mode network?
Thinking about others, thinking about self, remembering the past, envisioning the future rather than the task being performed. Not engaged in focus but still thinking about things
67
Locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei. NE and 5HT release decreases, preparing brain for REM sleep
NREM on areas
68
Releases serotonin
Raphe nuclei
69
What is NREM 3 almost always grouped to and why?
NREM 4 bc its a transition stage into 4
70
When are dreams more likely to occur and why?
Second half of night bc more REM sleep
71
Awareness. Greater than 25 Hz
Gamma waves
72
What brain areas are important for wakefulness?
Reticular formation, locus coeruleus, and anterior raphe nuclei
73
Independent action of many neurons correlated with alertness
Desynchronous brain activity
74
4 reasons why we sleep
Keeps us safe
Restores our bodies
Reduces energy expenditure
Memories are consolidated during sleep
75
This has lower EEG frequencies and higher amplitudes. Includes delta and theta waves
Synchronous brain activity
76
What appears in NREM 3?
Delta waves, parasympathetic nervous system activity, the release of growth hormone
77
What percentage of sleep is in NREM 3?
6%
78
When active, cortical neuronal activity becomes synchronized
Reticular formation
79
What are sleep spindles and k complexes generated by?
Thalamus. Not the cortex
80
What does the reticular formation in rostral pons do?
REM on area. Responsible for rapid eye movement and muscle paralysis
81
Relaxed. 8-12 Hz
Alpha waves
82
