Peripheral Nervous System and the Spinal Cord Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
Autonomic nervous system functions
A
Involuntary responses
2
Q
Cranial nerve II
A
Optic. Sensory. Sight
3
Q
How can the BBB potentially be opened or weakened?
A
high blood pressure, microwaves, ultrasonic waves, radiation, infection, injury (stroke, inflammation, pressure)
4
Q
Blockage of CSF flow usually at narrow points in the passage
A
Hydrocephalus
5
Q
How is blood supplied to the brain anteriorly?
A
Carotid arteries
6
Q
Spinal nerve regions for sympathetic and parasympathetic
A
Sympathetic = thoracic/lumbar Parasympathetic = cranial/sacral
7
Q
Cranial nerve VIII
A
Vestibulocochlear/auditory. sensory. inner ear
8
Q
Same side of the midline
A
ipsilateral
9
Q
What does the blood brain barrier do?
A
Excludes some molecules from passing easily
10
Q
Far from the center
A
Distal
11
Q
Opposite sides of the midline
A
contralateral
12
Q
CSF path of flow
A
Ventricles down the spinal cord and up and around the cortex
13
Q
What molecules are allowed through the BBB via passive diffusion?
A
water, some gasses like O2 and CO2, and lipid soluble molecules
14
Q
What are the cerebral ventricles filled with?
A
CSF
15
Q
Why is there left arm pain during a heart attack and who does it occur in?
A
Its linked to a spinal nerve and is pretty much only in males
16
Q
How much CSF is replenished and how often?
A
100-150 mL at a time, replenished 3x a day
17
Q
What are the 4 cerebral ventricles?
A
Lateral ventricles, third ventricle and fourth ventricle
18
Q
What molecules are allowed through the BBB via active transport (protein channel)?
A
glucose and amino acids
19
Q
Cranial nerve condition causing temporary paralysis of one side of face
A
Bell’s palsy
20
Q
Where does CSF exit into the bloodstream?
A
Superior sagittal sinus
21
Q
How is the BBB related to Alzheimer’s?
A
Research is showing that the BBB is leaky in Alzheimer’s
22
Q
How is blood supplied to the brain posteriorly?
A
Vertebral arteries at base of skull
23
Q
What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways use at targets
A
Sympathetic uses NE and parasympathetic uses ACh
24
Q
Functions of the somatic nervous system
A
Voluntary movement
25
Fight or flight response
Sympathetic division
26
What procedures are done on the meninges?
Spinal tap and epidural
27
Towards the midline
Medial
28
2nd synapse NT of sympathetic and parasympathetic
NE in sym and ACh in parasym
29
NTs of autonomic nervous system
ACh and NE
30
Cranial nerve VI
Abducens. Motor. external rectus muscle (eye)
31
Divides the brain into two relatively equal halves
Midsagittal section
32
Tight junction between endothelial cells and actroycyte end feet along capillaries
Blood brain barrier
33
Cranial nerve X
Vagus. both. motor heart, lungs, bronchi, GI tract. sensory heart lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, GI tract, external ear
34
Ventral horn
motor output for voluntary movement or spinal reflexes
35
Examples of spinal reflexes
patellar reflex, flexor-withdrawal, Babinski reflex
36
Constricts pupils to baseline and stimulates digestion
Parasympathetic
37
Divisions of autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
38
Where is there a ganglion chain and what does it do?
sympathetic to improve timing
39
Cranial nerve III
Oculomotor. Motor. Eye muscles
40
Structures of somatic nervous system
Motor neurons, neuromuscular junctions
41
Why is the patellar reflex sort of monosynaptic?
While you only excite one muscle group, you must inhibit its counterpart
42
Maintains constant internal environment
BBB
43
How many peripheral spinal nerves?
31
44
NTs of the somatic nervous system
ACh
45
Posterior of body
Bottom
46
What is the gray matter?
Cell bodies
47
1st synapse of sympathetic and parasympathetic
```
sympathetic = short with light myelination
parasympathetic = long with light myelination
```
48
Toward the back and higher in the brain
Superior or dorsal
49
Sun sneezing caused by overstimulation of trigeminal nerve
ACHOO syndrome
50
Close to the center
Proximal
51
Structures close to the midline
medial
52
How is Bells palsy caused
Usually following a sinus infection, inflammation/infection of facial nerve
53
Challenges of medicine and the BBB
how can we make a medicine that works and gets past the BBB
54
Structures to the side of the midline
lateral
55
Tail end of four legged animal and back of brain
Caudal or posterior
56
What does hydrocephalus cause?
Enlarged ventricles. The head can be so large they can't be born vaginally
57
What does the meninges do?
Provides 3 layers of protection for the nervous system
58
Effectors (targets) of autonomic nervous system
Cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, glands (lungs, digestive system, internal organs, etc.)
59
How are spinal cord segments connected and what do they do?
They are interconnected and are involved with complex coordinated movements
60
Toward the belly and lower in the brain
Inferior or ventral
61
What areas have weak BBBs?
Secreting centers like the choroid plexus, pineal gland, and pituitary gland
62
Head end of legged animal and front of brain
Rostral or anterior
63
Anterior of brain
Front
64
How is the spinal ganglion formed?
Outside spinal cord nerves swell
65
Cranial nerve IV
Trochlear. Motor. Superior oblique muscle (eye)
66
Worst version of meningitis that is relatively rare, life threatening, and has antibiotics and vaccines available
Bacterial. Meningococcal
67
Ventral of body
Front
68
CNS to body
Motor
69
Parasympathetic division neurons path
Top of spinal cord and brain long to another neuron and short to organs
70
Cranial nerve XII
Hypoglossal. motor. muscles of the tongue
71
Would CSF help a concussion?
No
72
Dorsal and ventral horns
Gray matter
73
Sensory
afferent
74
Fever, headache, neck pain/stiffness, photophobia
Symptoms of meningitis
75
Sudden drop in HR and BP (fainting). Usually caused by seeing blood or needles
Vasovagal syncope
76
What happens in the cervical and lumbar regions?
Enlargement of horns
77
Cranial nerve V
Trigeminal. Both. Sensory in face, sinuses, teeth, etc. Motor in muscles of mastication (chewing)
78
Should we focus on the primary injury or secondary injury of the spinal cord?
Secondary bc we can't do anything about the primary
79
How can the Babinski reflex be observed in adults?
Spinal cord damage
80
How does the CSF move?
In a pulsatile manner throughout the CSF system with a nearly zero net flow
81
Ascending and descending tracts
White matter
82
Cranial nerve VII
Facial. both. facial muscles
83
Cranial nerves
12 pairs, exit and enter directly from brain, sensory motor or both
84
Dorsal of brain
Top
85
Cranial nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal. both. motor food to pharynx. sensory posterior part of tongue, tonsil, pharynx
86
Cranial nerve I
Olfactory. Sensory. Smell
87
What are the three layers of the meninges?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater (only in CNS) and Pia mater
88
Regions of spine
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
89
Spinal nerves
31 left/right pairs that are afferent or efferent
90
Dilates pupils and inhibits digestive functions
Sympathetic
91
Ventral of brain
Bottom
92
How many cerebral ventricles are there?
4
93
Monitoring centers for the BBB
Area postrema (makes you vomit if too much of certain things like alcohol) and some hypothalamic nuclei
94
Increased heart rate, blood pressure and blood flow to skeletal muscles
Sympathetic
95
Protects the brain from foreign substances
BBB
96
What happens below the injury to the spinal cord?
loss of sensation (skin and internal organs), loss of voluntary movement (reflexive movement depends on location), loss of voluntary control of bladder and bowel (located in sacral portion)
97
Dorsal of body
Back
98
What does CSF do?
Mechanical and immunological protection, nutrition/excretion, regulation fo cerebral blood flow, buoyancy/cushioning
99
Cranial nerve XI
Spinal accessory. motor. sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
100
Motor efferents (spine)
Ventral
101
Most common form of meningitis that affects younger individuals and is self resolving
Viral
102
Body to CNS
Sensory
103
Dorsal horn
sensory input
104
What cells form the BBB and how?
Astrocytes wrap around blood vessels in the brain
105
HSV1 (herpes simplex virus) caused by viral infection of facial nerve
Cold sores
106
Painful skin rash appearing in a band or strip on one side of body (dermatome)
Shingles
107
Rest and digest
Parasympathetic
108
Calms body to conserve and maintain energy
Parasympathetic
109
Releases ACh and NE
Sympathetic division
110
What is the white matter?
Axons
111
Mixed nerves that splits to dorsal and ventral
Spinal nerves
112
Area of the skin supplied with afferent nerve fibers by a single spinal cord dorsal root
Dermatome
113
What is the composition of CSF?
Similar to clear plasma of blood but without proteins
114
1st synapse NT of sympathetic and parasympathetic
ACh for both
115
Sensory afferents containing root ganglion (spine)
Dorsal
116
What makes CSF and where?
Ependymal cells make it in the choroid plexus (lines the walls of the cerebral ventricles) or cells in subarachnoid space
117
Sympathetic division neurons path
Spinal cord short to sympathetic chain ganglion and long to organs
118
Away from the midline
Lateral
119
How can hydrocephalus be treated?
Shunting procedure
120
Parallel to midline planes
Sagittal section
121
Decreases heart rate and blood pressure
Parasympathetic
122
Divides the brain from top to bottom
Horizontal (axial, transverse) section
123
Posterior of brain
Back
124
Why are the cerebral ventricles correlated with enlarged size in some neurodegenerative disorders?
If there's empty space, fluid fills the space
125
What molecules are blocked by the BBB?
large molecules, non-lipid soluble molecules, highly charged molecules, potential neurotoxins, and many drugs including would be meds
126
Protects the brain from hormones and NTs in rest of body
BBB
127
Motor
efferent
128
Three forms of meningitis
Bacterial, fungal and viral
129
Where does the spinal cord extend from to?
Medulla to the first lumbar vertebra
130
2nd synapse of sympathetic and parasympathetic
```
sympathetic = long unmyelinated
parasympathetic = short unmyelinated
```
131
Divides nervous system from front to back
Coronal (frontal) sections
132
Anterior of body
Top
133
Effectors (targets) of the somatic nervous system
Skeletal muscles
