Stress

Question 1

Stage 3 of stress response

Answer 1

Exhaustion. Reserves of resources are depleted

Question 2

How does stress arise?

Answer 2

When we deplete the resources we have to fight stress

Question 3

What does cortisol binding to glucocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus cause?

Answer 3

Less CRH release from hypothalamus which leads to less ACTH release by the pituitary which leads to less cortisol release by the adrenal gland

Question 4

What does the hypothalamus use to communicate with the pituitary gland in the HPA axis?

Answer 4

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 5

What NTs are released by the SAM system?

Answer 5

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 6

What do more connections in the amygdala cause?

Answer 6

Earlier activation with less input

Question 7

Communicates from the pituitary to the adrenal gland

Answer 7

ACTH

Question 8

What things contribute to someone experiencing stress?

Answer 8

Short term vs long term, social support, personality, attitude, and locus of control

Question 9

What NTs are released by the HPA axis?

Answer 9

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Question 10

What does more stress lead to in term of behavior?

Answer 10

Worse behavior which leads to a weakened immune system

Question 11

Stress and the common cold

Answer 11

More stress = more likely to get cold but must be exposed to virus to get it

Question 12

What changes are seen in neurons exposed to long term stress (cortisol) in the hippocampus and the amygdala?

Answer 12

Hippocampus = Less spines, inhibited neurogenesis
Amygdala = More connections

Question 13

This system provides a slower and longer stress response

Answer 13

Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)

Question 14

What does prolonged stress do in the HPA axis?

Answer 14

Disrupts negative feedback

Question 15

What neurons are the most susceptible to apoptosis when there is too much cortisol and why?

Answer 15

Hippocampal neurons bc they contain the most cortisol receptors

Question 16

Caused by an existing stress-causing factor or stressor

Answer 16

Stress

Question 17

Stress that continues after the stressor is gone

Answer 17

Anxiety

Question 18

How does maternal care impact stress (epigenetics)

Answer 18

Offspring with more nurture had milder HPA axis responses, more cort control, a good number of cort receptors

Question 19

What are the 3 stages of the general adaptation response to stress

Answer 19

1. alarm
2. resistance
3. exhaustion

Question 20

This NT is helpful in small amounts but harmful in large amounts

Answer 20

Cortisol

Question 21

Pathway goes from hypothalamus to pituitary to adrenal gland

Answer 21

Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)

Question 22

How is the HPA axis stopped from producing more cortisol?

Answer 22

Hippocampus has receptor sites for cortisol that act to inhibit excessive release of CRH

Question 23

Glucocorticoid receptor gene and epigenetics

Answer 23

More GR protein = calm down faster, good when need to explore and find food
Less GR protein = more prolonged stress, good in environment with lots of predators

Question 24

What does too much calcium cause?

Answer 24

The cell is so depolarized it cant get back to resting. Apoptosis

Question 25

Illness producing substances

Answer 25

Antigens

Question 26

What else does too much cortisol cause other than too much calcium entering cells?

Answer 26

Increases amount of NT release

Question 27

Communicates from the hypothalamus to the pituitary

Answer 27

CRH

Question 28

Pathway goes from nerve impulses to spinal cord to preganglionic sympathetic fibers to adrenal glands

Answer 28

Sympathetic adrenal medullary system (SAM)

Question 29

What stress NTs are immunosuppressive?

Answer 29

Catecholamines and cortisol

Question 30

What types of personalities are at a higher risk for stress?

Answer 30

Competitive (type A)

Question 31

Increases energy by converting proteins to glucose, increasing fat availability, and increasing metabolism

Answer 31

HPA axis. Cortisol

Question 32

What is used to communicate between the pituitary and adrenal gland in the HPA axis?

Answer 32

ACTH

Question 33

This system provides a fast stress response

Answer 33

Sympathetic adrenal medullary system (SAM)

Question 34

Illness producing organisms

Answer 34

Pathogens

Question 35

What do studies for stress and depression share?

Answer 35

They are the same

Question 36

How is the HPA axis activated?

Answer 36

1. sensory info about threat reaches amygdala 2. amygdala sends signals to hypothalamus via stira terminalis 3. paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus releases CRH 4. anterior pituitary releases ACTH 5. ACTH causes adrenal glands to release cortisol 6. cortisol reaches neurons in brain causing inc release of NTs 7. hippocampus has receptor sites for cortisol, acts to inhibit excessive release of CRH

Question 37

Stage 2 of stress response

Answer 37

Resistance. Continue coping using resources to cope

Question 38

Long term effects of cortisol on calcium and the cell

Answer 38

Increases the amount of calcium entering the cells which can be excitotoxic and cause neurons to go through apoptosis

Question 39

What area of the hippocampus has its cells destroyed in the presence of too much cortisol?

Answer 39

Cells in CA1 of they hippocampus

Question 40

Stress coping strategies

Answer 40

Good sleep, balanced diet, aerobic exercise, face to face social networking (oxytocin), cognitive restructuring

Question 41

What does the amygdala stimulate in the HPA axis?

Answer 41

CRH release in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 42

Increases output from heart and liberates glucose from muscles for additional energy (gets us ready to go and uses our energy)

Answer 42

SAM system. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 43

Increases cells and cell products that kill infected and malignant cells and protect the body against foreign substances and may increase neurogenesis

Answer 43

Acute stress

Question 44

Stage 1 of stress response

Answer 44

Alarm. Fight/flight response

Question 45

Where are glucocorticoid receptors in the HPA axis that are involved in negative feedback?

Answer 45

Hippocampus, hypothalamus, and pituitary. Hippocampus most important

Question 46

Compromises the immune system, interferes with memory, appetite, sexual desire and performance, energy, mood, and makes you more vulnerable to disease

Answer 46

Chronic stress

Question 47

What can stress cause in the heart?

Answer 47

Inc blood pressure that leads to greater risk for heart attack

Question 48

What does prenatal stress cause in adulthood?

Answer 48

Increased volume in lateral amygdala