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Psych 3313 > Reward > Flashcards

Reward Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What can aggression lead to if not inhibited?

A

Violence

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2
Q

Involved with cognition, memory, attention, emotional behavior, and learning

A

Mesocortical dopamine pathway

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3
Q

Positive effect an object or condition has on the user

A

Reward

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4
Q

What do antisocial, violent people show?

A

Abnormalities of hypothalamic function

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5
Q

Involves being against different species for food, few vocalizations, attack head or neck

A

Predatory aggression

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6
Q

4 parts of the mesolimbocortical dopamine system

A
  1. Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
  2. Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
  3. Nucleus accumbens (NA)
  4. Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
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7
Q

Gene x environment interactions determining aggression

A

High and low activity versions of MAOA and child maltreatment and antisocial behavior

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8
Q

The target for the mesolimbic pathway in the mesolimbocortical dopamine system

A

Nucleus accumbens (NA)

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9
Q

Can brain damage cause aggression?

A

Possibly

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10
Q

Involved in pleasure and reward seeking behaviors, addiction, emotion, and perception

A

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

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11
Q

Increases reactivity to threatening stimuli

A

Testosterone

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12
Q

How do impulsive brains lead to a higher risk of drug use/addiction?

A

Fewer or less functional D2 receptors leads to poorly regulated dopamine release which leads to high amounts of dopamine in response to natural rewards or drugs

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13
Q

Large white matter tract containing fibers from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens, olfactory regions, peri-amymdalaloid regions, and septal area

A

medial forebrain bundle

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14
Q

The dopamine release center of the mesolimbocortical dopamine release system

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

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15
Q

The major reward pathway

A

Mesolimbocortical Dopamine System

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16
Q

The fiber pathway that connects structures in the mesolimbocortical dopamine system

A

Medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

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17
Q

What does stimulation of the amygdala cause? Damage?

A 
Stimulation = aggression
Damage = tameness/calmness
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18
Q

Rhesus Monkeys and 5HT

A

Low in social hierarchy = low in 5HT. Attempt to increase status by initiating aggression

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19
Q

The subjective feeling of pleasure or satisfaction that occurs when one receives a reward

A

Liking

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20
Q

What do genotypes associated with violence increase?

A

Risk of alcoholism

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21
Q

What does lateral hypothalamus stimulation cause?

A

Predatory aggression

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22
Q

What does stimulation of the hypothalamus cause?

A

Rage

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23
Q

3 examples of places reward can come from

A
  1. Reinforce pleasurable activities
  2. Behaviors beneficial for survival
  3. Behaviors associated with drug highs
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24
Q

When are dopamine bursts in the ventral tegmental area highest?

A

Right after an unexpected reward or in anticipation of a reward

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25
Carry a variety of functions, like inhibition of Ca channels and control of pacemaker activity
Postsynaptic D2 receptors
26
Connects the midbrain and limbic system
Mesolimbic pathway
27
Characterized by mouthing, hyper-sexuality, visual agnosia, loss of normal fear and anger, memory loss, distractibility, seizures, and dementia
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
28
How does delay in reward relate to dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area?
No or short delay = highest firing and dopamine release | Long delay = lower firing and dopamine release
29
What do the brains of impulsive people show?
Fewer or less functional D2 receptors
30
Affects processing of aversive stimuli by limbic system
5HT
31
Facilitates inhibitory activity of prefrontal cortex
5HT
32
Involved in movement and sensory stimuli
Nigrostriatial dopamine pathway
33
What does stimulation of the septal area cause?
Intense, pleasant sexual feelings
34
How does the ventral tegmental area connect to the nucleus accumbens in the mesolimbic pathway?
Medial forebrain bundle
35
What is the gene related to aggression?
MAOA
36
Bilateral loss of the amygdala
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
37
What does the cortex do to the hypothalamus?
Inhibits it
38
What does stimulation of the medial thalamus cause?
Unpleasant tactile irritation. Feels like bugs crawling on you
39
Attacks to kill aggression
Predatory aggression
40
Heritability and gens of aggression
Impulsive aggression heritability between 44-72 percent. Aggression can be selectively bred in animals
41
Sometimes ___ is better than ___
Looking forward to reward, the actual reward
42
Just for show aggression
Affective aggression
43
What can some seizures, like temporal lobe seizures, cause?
Agression
44
High levels of sympathetic nervous system activity in this aggression
Affective aggression
45
What does electrical self-stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle lead to?
Reward. In rats, the will do this over everything else bc it gives a reward
46
What does the MAOA gene do?
Produces monoamine oxidases
47
The effects that rewards have in promoting learning
Reinforcement
48
Wanting or craving leads to this whereas liking does not
Addiction
49
Increases in competitive situations
Testosterone
50
What is important to note about most people with the low MAOA gene?
They are normal, law-abiding people
51
The target for the mesocortical pathway in the mesolimbocortical dopamine system
Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
52
3 dopamine pathways in the brain
1. mesocortical 2. nigrostriatial 3. mesolimbic
53
What NT is involved with wanting and addiction?
Dopamine
54
Ventral tegmental area to prefrontal cortex
Mesocortical dopamine pathway
55
Inhibits violence by influencing empathy
5HT
56
What is prenatal exposure to testosterone correlated with?
Higher aggressiveness
57
What happens to self-stimulation of the MFB if dopamine antagonists are infused into the nucleus accumbens?
Rewarding effect is blocked
58
How is aggression related within species?
It is related to dominance
59
Ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
60
Greatly valuing the reward now over a greater reward in the future
Temporal discounting
61
Important for regulating dopamine release
Presynaptic D2 receptors
62
Involves intimidation, not killing for food, vocalizations, threatening posture
Affective aggression
63
How do presynaptic D2 receptors work?
Sense high concentrations of dopamine floating around in the synapse and inhibit the cell which released the dopamine and reduce the amount of NT it will release next time
64
Low levels of this predict aggressiveness
5HT
65
Important role in cost-benefit analysis. Mesocortical pathway
Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
66
What does medial hypothalamus stimulation cause?
Affective aggression
67
No activity in sympathetic nervous system in this aggression. Calm heart rate
Predatory aggression
68
Manages delayed gratification. Mesocortical pathway
Orbitofrontal cortex
69
Reduces the inhibition of aggression normally managed by the cingulate and frontal cortices
Alcohol
70
What does removal of the cerebral cortex produce?
Sham rage
71
Rage without any cause
Sham rage
72
The desire to obtain a reward. Great when you get it, but don't have it yet
Wanting

Psych 3313 (24 decks)

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