Lec 2 - 3 - Bacterial Genetics

Question 1

a preferential outgrowth of selected clones

Answer 1

selective advantage

Question 2

staph aureus has antibiotic resistance thanks to blank like plasmids and transposons

Answer 2

extrachromosomal elements

Question 3

some pathogens only become virulent only after acquiring blank like a vector

Answer 3

mobile genetic elements

Question 4

pathogen stops producing a certain protein that was recognized by antibodies

Answer 4

phase variation

Question 5

pathogen changes the protein that it is producing to a different form

Answer 5

antigenic variation

Question 6

RNAP is directional and goes blank

Answer 6

one way

Question 7

three mechanisms for genetic variation

Answer 7

random mutation, non random (programmed), direct/indirect transmission

Question 8

arise from errors made during dna replication that alter genome of a single bacterium

Answer 8

random mutations

Question 9

example of random mutations causing resistance to blank

Answer 9

streptomycin

Question 10

non random variation is caused by different antigenic variants of blank

Answer 10

Opa gene/protein

Question 11

non random variation makes it really hard to develop blank

Answer 11

vaccines

Question 12

there are blank opa genes in the chromosome

Answer 12

8-11

Question 13

non random variation is due to blank mutations from blank making mistakes

Answer 13

frameshift, dna polymerase

Question 14

repetition of dna sequence

Answer 14

duplication

Question 15

flip flop of dna sequence

Answer 15

inversion

Question 16

dna inversion controls blank in salmonella typhimurium so bacterium can swim through mucous to get to epithelium

Answer 16

flagellar phase variation

Question 17

flagellar phase variation is due to proteins switching between these two forms

Answer 17

H1, H2

Question 18

enzyme incoded by the invertible gene

Answer 18

Hin

Question 19

four mechanisms for exchange of genetic information and are either direct or indirect transmission

Answer 19

transformation, transduction, conjugation, transposition

Question 20

uptake of naked dna

Answer 20

transformation

Question 21

transfer involves a bacteriophage

Answer 21

transduction

Question 22

cell to cell contact transmission

Answer 22

conjugation

Question 23

mobile genetic elements

Answer 23

transposition

Question 24

most famous experiment for transformation

Answer 24

griffith

Question 25

long rod like structures composed of polymeric arrays of a single pilin protein

Answer 25

pili

Question 26

pili are involved in blank

Answer 26

adhesion of bacterium to cells and surfaces

Question 27

blank variation occurs when there is an error in homologous recombination which is called aberrant recombination

Answer 27

phase variation

Question 28

dna transfer via dna packaging mistakes during bacteriophage morphogenesis

Answer 28

transduction

Question 29

transduction is used a lot in the lab to blank

Answer 29

create new strains

Question 30

extrachromosomal elements that are stably inherited

Answer 30

plasmids

Question 31

some plasmids have the ability to blank which means move from one bacteria to another

Answer 31

conjugate

Question 32

during conjugation, there is an exchange of genetic material through blank

Answer 32

cell to cell contact

Question 33

genetic elements that can go from one site in dna to another site

Answer 33

transposons

Question 34

transposition does not require blank regions between transposon and site of transposition

Answer 34

homologous

Question 35

transposon insertion usually requires a blank which interacts with the blank

Answer 35

transposase, inverted repeats