Lec 5-2 Blood Groups, Transfusions, Transplants

Question 1

antigens for blood groups are characterized by their different blank

Answer 1

carb moieties

Question 2

abo and h systems have separate blank so are independent

Answer 2

loci

Question 3

h genes code for blank

Answer 3

fucosyl transferase

Question 4

abo blood groups depend on the addition to the blank by certain enzymes

Answer 4

chain

Question 5

A antigen adds blank to the chain

Answer 5

NAG

Question 6

B antigen adds a terminal blank to the chain

Answer 6

galactose

Question 7

o gene adds this to the chain

Answer 7

nothing

Question 8

o antigen is defined by the absence of blank at the end of the chain

Answer 8

sugar moiety

Question 9

ab blood group has these antigens on erythrocytes

Answer 9

A and B

Question 10

most immunogenic Rh blood group

Answer 10

D

Question 11

Rh positive has this antigen

Answer 11

D

Question 12

Rh negative has blank

Answer 12

little d

Question 13

transfusion of incompatible blood

Answer 13

hemolysis

Question 14

graft from same individual

Answer 14

autograft

Question 15

graft from genetically identical individual

Answer 15

isograft

Question 16

graft from a different species

Answer 16

xenograft

Question 17

first set rejection takes blank than second set rejection due to a second exposure to foreign tissue

Answer 17

longer

Question 18

autograft acceptance first step

Answer 18

revascularization

Question 19

first set rejection for graft has blank but then blank occurs after immune cells invade

Answer 19

revascularization, necrosis

Question 20

graft rejection is mediated by blank not blank

Answer 20

t cells, antibodies

Question 21

need blank t cells for graft rejection

Answer 21

cd4 AND cd8

Question 22

the histocompatibility is primarily determined by the blank

Answer 22

mhc locus

Question 23

there are more/less antigens involved in tissue transplant than blood transfusion

Answer 23

more

Question 24

ABO, HLA, MLR, and minor histocompatibility loci are all types of blank

Answer 24

tissue typing

Question 25

HLA tissue typing is done two ways

Answer 25

find genes that are there, find protein products there

Question 26

to find protein products of HLA

Answer 26

microcytotoxicity test

Question 27

to find genes that are there in HLA tissue typing

Answer 27

molecular methods

Question 28

tissue typing that takes two sets of lymphocytes and see if they fight each other or get along

Answer 28

MLR

Question 29

even if a fully mhc compatible donor isnt found, blank may still be possible

Answer 29

transplantation

Question 30

more blank in MLR means more incompatibility

Answer 30

proliferation

Question 31

MLR is good because we can actually see the interaction of the t cells but the problem is this

Answer 31

it takes a few days which is often too long

Question 32

matching class blank HLA is more important than matching class blank

Answer 32

2, 1

Question 33

tissue typing is more/less important for liver and heart transplants compared to kidney and bone marrow transplants

Answer 33

less

Question 34

transplants that don't need to be matched at all

Answer 34

corneal

Question 35

if there are 1 or 2 mismatches in class 1, this happens

Answer 35

graft survives

Question 36

if there are 1 or 2 mismatches in class 2, this happens

Answer 36

graft rejected

Question 37

if there are 3 or 4 mismatches in class 1, this happens

Answer 37

graft rejected

Question 38

rejection before vascularization

Answer 38

hyperacute rejection

Question 39

rejection within 10 days

Answer 39

acute

Question 40

rejection after months or years

Answer 40

chronic

Question 41

chronic rejection occurs via these cells

Answer 41

humoral and cell mediated immunological memory

Question 42

two stages of rejection

Answer 42

sensitization, effector

Question 43

sensitization stage is when t cells begin to recognize blank

Answer 43

alloantigens

Question 44

effector stage is when these get involved

Answer 44

cell mediated, delayed type hyeprsensitivity, humoral, cytokines

Question 45

this is usually needed to downregulate the immune system so a graft is accepted

Answer 45

immunosuppressive therapy

Question 46

this immunosupressant blocks tcr signaling and is for heart, liver, kidney transplants

Answer 46

cyclosporin A

Question 47

this immunosupressant is used but is very specific

Answer 47

monoclonal antibodies

Question 48

bone marrow transplants are mostly used for

Answer 48

malignancies in blood

Question 49

bone marrow rejections are usually due to this

Answer 49

graft versus host disease where graft actually rejects the host

Question 50

sites that fail to induce an immune response because they are separated from the immune system like the cornea

Answer 50

immunologically privileged sites

Question 51

hemolysis involves these during rejection

Answer 51

clotting factors, complement factors