Lecture 25-Nervous System

Question 0

Our bodies detect stimuli (sensory input) through __________ __________ in the sensor, and the signal is transmitted through __________.

Answer 0

Sensory neurons, interneurons

Question 1

The nervous system handles:

Answer 1

Information processing

Question 2

Analyze and interpret information, and make decisions.

Answer 2

Interneurons

Question 3

After the signal is transmitted through interneurons, and then the resulting signal travels through:

Answer 3

Motor neurons

Question 4

Communicate with effector cells.

Answer 4

Motor neurons

Question 5

Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 5

Central nervous system (CNS)

Question 6

Consists of all the nerves out of the spinal cord connecting to organs.

Answer 6

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 7

Sensory system responds to both __________ and __________ stimuli.

Answer 7

External, internal

Question 8

Examples of external stimuli:

Answer 8

Light, sound, touch, hear, smell, and taste

Question 9

Examples of internal stimuli:

Answer 9

Blood pressure, blood chemical level, muscle tension, blood sugar

Question 10

A neuron consists of:

Answer 10

Cell body, dendrites, and axon

Question 11

Junction where chemical information is passed on.

Answer 11

Synapse

Question 12

Signals travel through the axon via:

Answer 12

Action potential

Question 13

Provides electrical insulation.

Answer 13

Myelin sheath

Question 14

Myelin sheath is produced by:

Answer 14

Glial cells

Question 15

Glial cells:

Answer 15

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

Question 16

Gaps in the myelin sheath that result in saltatory conduction.

Answer 16

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 17

Fast signal conduction.

Answer 17

Saltatory conduction

Question 18

All cells have a __________ __________ across plasma membrane.

Answer 18

Membrane potential (voltage)

Question 19

Non transmitting neurons have a __________ potential between -60 and -80 millivolts (they have a __________ charge).

Answer 19

Resting, negative

Question 20

The electrical potential generated by ion differential across a membrane.

Answer 20

Resting potential

Question 21

__________ ions and __________ ions play an essential role in forming resting potential.

Answer 21

Potassium (K+) and Sodium (Na+)

Question 22

At resting potential, the concentration of __________ ions is high inside the neuron cell.

Answer 22

Potassium (K+)

Question 23

At resting potential, the concentration of __________ ions is high outside the neuron cell.

Answer 23

Sodium (Na+)

Question 24

Changes in the membrane potential occur because neurons contain:

Answer 24

Gated ion channels

Question 25

Opening K+ channels. Increases permeability to K+. Net diffusion of K+ out if neuron, inside neuron becomes more negative.

Answer 25

Hyperpolarization

Question 26

Opening Na+ channels. Increases permeability to Na+. Net diffusion of Na out of neuron. Inside neuron becomes more positive.

Answer 26

Depolarization

Question 27

Depolarization reaches the threshold and opens most __________ channels (potassium channels remain closed). Massive influx of __________ into neuron.

Answer 27

Na+

Question 28

Action potentials and conducted in a cascade-like manner along __________.

Answer 28

Axons

Question 29

Depolarization of the action potential spreads to:

Answer 29

Neighboring regions

Question 30

After depolarization of the action potential spreads to neighboring regions, the previous membrane gets:

Answer 30

Repolarized

Question 31

Membrane cannot be re-stimulated: prevents potentials from traveling backwards.

Answer 31

Refractory period

Question 32

Nervous system involving neurons evolved about:

Answer 32

500 MYA

Question 33

The brain provides __________ __________.

Answer 33

Integrative power

Question 34

_________ matter: neuron cells bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons.

Answer 34

Gray

Question 35

__________ matter: bundled axons with myelin sheaths.

Answer 35

White

Question 36

Filled with cerebrospinal fluid (supply nutrients and hormones. Carry away wastes).

Answer 36

Ventricles

Question 37

Convents information to and from the brain. Generates basic patterns of locomotion and produces reflex.

Answer 37

Spinal cord

Question 38

The body's automatic responses to certain stimuli.

Answer 38

Reflexes

Question 39

Examples are reflexes are:

Answer 39

Knee-jerk reflex and the infant grasping reflex

Question 40

The human brain has _____ major parts.

Answer 40

4

Question 41

What are the 4 major parts of the human brain?

Answer 41

Brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and the cerebral cortex

Question 42

The brainstem is the site for:

Answer 42

Homeostasis

Question 43

These make up the brainstem:

Answer 43

Midbrain, and the pons & medulla oblongata

Question 44

Receives and integrates sensory information.

Answer 44

Midbrain

Question 45

__________ and __________ __________ transfer information between PNS and midbrain. Control automatic homeostatic functions (breathing, heart activity, digestion).

Answer 45

Pons, medulla oblongata

Question 46

Important for coordinating motor control.

Answer 46

Cerebellum

Question 47

Relay station for information flow in the body.

Answer 47

Diencephalon

Question 48

3 main parts of the diencephalon:

Answer 48

Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

Question 49

Pineal gland, source of melatonin.

Answer 49

Epithalamus

Question 50

Main input center for sensory information going to the cerebrum.

Answer 50

Thalamus

Question 51

Important region for homeostasis, sexual behavior, fight-or-flight response, pleasure.

Answer 51

Hypothalamus

Question 52

Controls muscle contraction, learning, emotion, memory, and perception.

Answer 52

Cerebrum

Question 53

The cerebral cortex is the site of:

Answer 53

Information processing

Question 54

The __________ __________ is divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres.

Answer 54

Cerebral cortex

Question 55

The cerebral cortex is divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres and connected by the:

Answer 55

Corpus callosum

Question 56

Neurons are arranged according to the part if the body that:

Answer 56

Generates the sensory input