Flashcards in Lecture 31-Population Ecology Deck (44)
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What is population ecology?
The study of populations in relation to their environment
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A group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area.
Population
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Population ecology studies how biotic and abiotic factor influence what?
Density, distribution, size, and age structures of populations
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The number of individuals per unit area or volume.
Population density
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Population density is typically __________.
Estimated
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Population dynamics deal with __________ and __________ within a population.
Addition, removal
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Addition:
Birth and immigration
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Removal:
Death and emigration
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Addition = population __________.
Influx
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Removal = population __________.
Outflux
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What is population size affected by?
Birth, death, immigration, and emigration
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Change in population size (N) during time interval (t) =
(Births + immigration) - (Deaths + emigration)
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Average # per individual.
Per capita
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Per capita birth rate equation:
B = bN
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Per capita death rate equation:
D = mN
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Per capita rate of increase equation:
r = b - m
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Different populations exhibit different __________ __________.
Distribution patterns
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The pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population.
Dispersion
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3 types of dispersion?
Clumped, uniform, and random
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Aggregated in patches.
Clumped
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Evenly distributed; result of antagonistic social interactions (territoriality).
Uniform
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Position of individuals independent of others.
Random
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Most common dispersion pattern:
Clumped
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The maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain.
Carrying capacity (K)
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What can carrying capacity be shaped by?
Energy, shelter, refuge from predators, nutrient availability, water, and suitable nesting sites
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The study of vital statistics of populations and how they can change over time.
Demography
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The data used in demography is captured through:
Census, mark-and-recapture, and sampling
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Age-specific summaries of survival patterns of populations.
Life tables
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Shows rate of survivorship for a cohort/population.
Survivorship curve
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Describe a Type I curve.
Low death rates during early and middle life, and then curve down sharply among older age groups.
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Describe a Type III curve.
Large/massive death rates for the young, then low for those few individuals that survive.
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Describe a Type II curve.
Equal/constant death rate over the organism's life span
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This affects the future growth of the population.
Population age structure
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Populations of all species have the potential to expand when resources are ___________.
Abundant
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Population increase under ideal conditions.
Exponential population growth
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An exponential population growth have what kind of exponential growth curve?
J-shaped
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Exponential population growth is characteristic of populations that are:
Introduced to a new environment
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When dealing with exponential population growth, there is no limit on __________, no __________, and no __________.
Resources, competition, and predators
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What limits population growth?
Carrying capacity
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Levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity.
Logistic population growth
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Traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival.
Life history
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Examples of traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival:
When reproduction begins, how often an organism reproduces, and how many offspring are produced
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There is a __________ between reproduction and survival.
Trade-off
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