Unit 6, Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
liberalism
A
- based on belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible
- became more significant as the Industrial Revolution made rapid strides bc the developing industrial middle class largely adopted the doctrine as it’s own
- different opinions among liberals
- economic liberal= laissez faire
- political liberalism=protection of civil liberties/basic rights of all ppl (equality before the law, freedom of assembly, speech, and press, and freedom of arbitrary arrest)
2
Q
Thomas Malthus
A
- 1766-1834
- argued that population, when unchecked, increases at an arithmetic rate while the food supply correspondingly increased at a much slower arithmetic rate→ result= overpopulation, starvation
- misery and poverty are inevitable results of the law of nature; no gov should interfere with that
3
Q
David Ricardo
A
- 1772-1823
- Principles of Political Economy
- “iron law of wages”
4
Q
“iron law of wages”
A
- increase population→ more workers→ wages fall below subsistence level→ misery and starvation→ reduce population
- number of workers decline→ wage rise→ encourage workers to have larger families→ REPEAT
- raising wages would be pointless bc it would accomplish little but repeat in this cycle
5
Q
John Stuart Mill
A
- 1806-1873
- argued for an absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on all subjects that needed to be protected from both gov censorship and the tyranny of the majority
- supporter of women’s rights
- On the Subjection of Women (wrote with his wife, Harriet Taylor)
- subordination of other sex was wrong
- differences between men and women were not due to differences in nature but to social practices
- with equal education, women could achieve as much as men
6
Q
nationalism
A
-
7
Q
socialism
A
- human cooperation was superior to the competition that characterized early industrial capitalism
- product of political theorists or intellectuals who wanted to introduce equality in to social conditions
8
Q
utopian socialism
A
- favored equality in social and economic conditions and wished to replace private property and competition with collective ownership and cooperation
- against private property and competitive spirit of early industrial capitalism
- thought of a better environment for humanity could be achieved
- kinda unrealistic
9
Q
Charles Fourier
A
- 1772-1838
- proposed the creation of small model communities called phalanstery
10
Q
phalanstery
A
- self containing cooperatives, each consisting ideally of 1,620 ppl) → ppl in there live together and work together for mutual benefit
- work assignments would be rotated frequently to relieve workers from undesirable tasks
- unable to find financial backing for this→ untested
11
Q
Robert Owen
A
- 1771-1858
- British cotton manufacturer; believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment
- New Lanark, Scotland= successful in transforming a squalid factory into a flourishing, healthy community
- women’s rights
12
Q
Louis Blanc
A
- 1813-1882
- Frenchman; social problems could be solved by gov assistance
- called for the establishment of workshops that would manufacture goods for public sale
- tate would finance these workshops, but the workers would own and operate them
- women believed that reordering society would help women
13
Q
Flora Tristan
A
- 1803-1844
- utopian socialist; attempted to foster a utopian synthesis of socialism and feminism
- preached the need for the liberation of women
- advocated the application of Fourier’s ideas to reconstruct both family and work
- thought that absolute equality was the only hope to free the working class and transform civilization
- ignored
14
Q
The July Ordianances
A
- Charles X–> July 26, 1830
- imposed rigid censorship on the press, dissolved the legislative assembly, and reduced the electorate in preparation for new elections
15
Q
The July Revolution
A
- July 1830
- barricades in paris; provisional gov led by a group of moderate, propertied liberals was formed and appealed to Louis-Philippe to become constitutional king of France→ new monarchy
16
Q
Louis-Philippe
A
-1830-1848
-duke of Orleans, cousin of Charles X; became new constitutional king of France after July Revolution
-called the bourgeoisie monarch bc political support for his rule came from upper middle class
-dressed like middle class
-constitutional changes that favored interests of the upper bourgeoisie were instituted
reduced financial -qualifications for voting but still high (only wealthy ppl)
17
Q
The Party of Movement
A
- led by Adolphe Thiers; favored ministerial responsible, the pursuit of an active foreign policy, and limited expansion of franchise
18
Q
The Party of Resistance
A
- led by Francois Guizot; believed that France had finally reached the perfect form of gov and needed no further institutional changes
- after 1840; the Party of Resistance dominated the Chamber of Deputies; Guizot cooperated with Louis-Philippe in suppressing ministerial responsibility and pursuing a policy favoring the interests of the wealthier manufacturers and tradesppl
19
Q
The Reform Act of 1832
A
- gave recognition to the changes wrought in British life by the Industrial Revolution
- disenfranchised 56 rotten boroughs and enfranchised 42 new towns and cities and reapportioned others
- gave new industrial urban cities some voice in gov
- property qualification for voting
- primarily benefited the upper-middle class
- didn’t change House of Commons
20
Q
The Poor Law of 1834
A
- based on the theory that giving aid to the poor and unemployed only encouraged laziness and increased the number of paupers
- tried to fix this by making paupers so wretched they would choose to work
- those unable to support themselves were crowded together in workhouses where living and working conditions were intentionally miserable so that ppl would be encouraged to find profitable employment
21
Q
The Revolutions of 1848
A
-France
-Germany
-Austria
-Italian States
-
22
Q
the Second Republic
A
- unicameral legislature of 750 elected by universal male suffrage for 3 yrs and a president, also elected to universal male suffrage
23
Q
Frankfurt Assembly
A
- purpose was to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream- the preparation of a constitution for a new united Germany
- dominated by well educated, articulate, middle class delegates (professors, lawyers, bureaucrats)
- claimed to be the gov of all of Germany
- attempt of the german liberals ar Frankfurt to create a German states failed
24
Q
risorgimento
A
- 19th-century movement for Italian unification that culminated in the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861
- ideological and literary movement that helped to arouse the national consciousness of the Italian people
25
Giuseppe Mazzini
-risorgimento; dedicated Italian nationalist who founded an organization known a Young Italy in 1831
26
Young Italy
- political movement in Italy
| - goal= creation of united Italian republic
27
serjents
- French police 1829
- visible on Paris streets; blue uniforms= recognizable; armed with white cane by day and saber by night; civilian, not military body;
28
bobbies
- British police
- named after Sir Robert Peel, who introduced that created the force
- primary goal= prevent crime; civil authorities found that they can be used to impose order on working class urban inhabitants→ improved working conditions
29
Schutzmannschaft
- state-financed police; modeled after British; put in Berlin
- began as a civilian body; became more organized on military lines and used for political purposes (swords, pistols, brass knuckles)
30
***The London Mechanics’ Institutes
- established in britain; approach to “dangerous classes”
- reformers formed institutes in instruct working classes in applied sciences in order to make them more productive members of society
31
The Communist Manifesto
- written by Marx and Engels
- statement of their ideas for the League; encouraged revolution of working class
- starts with the statement that the history of all hitherto the existing society if the history of class struggles (oppressor and oppressed)
- bourgeosie vs proletariat
- proletariate win and make a dictatorship with a classless society
32
Karl Marx
- german
- atheist
- worked for liberal bourgeoisie newspaper; suppressed bc of radical views
- learned about “wage slavery”--> The Conditions of the Working Class in England
- combo of French (socialism and idea that rev can restructure society) and German ideas (dialectic)
- Marx disagrees with Engel's dialectic; thinks that history is determined by material forces
33
Friedrich Engels
- german
- son of wealthy German cotton manufacturer
- joined Communist League with Marx
- dialectic= everything revolves, and all change in history is the result of conflicts between an antagonistic elements
- history is determined by ideas manifesting themselves in historical force
- Marx disagrees
34
bourgeosie vs proletariat
- Communist Manifesto
- workers overthrow bourgeois masters ; proletariat form a dictatorship to reorganize the means of production→ classless society emerges→ progress of science; tech, and industrusty and greater wealth for all ppl
35
First International
- formed in 1864 by British and french trade unionists; served as an umbrella organization for working-class interests
- Marx devoted much time to this
- internal dissension in the ranks damaged it
36
Romanticism
- intellectual movement; challenge Enlightenment’s preoccupation with reason in discovering truth
- tried to balance the use of reason by stressing the importance of intuition; feeling; emotion, and imagination as sources of knowledge
37
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
- German writer
- The Sorrows of the Young Werther; sought freedom in order to fulfill himself
- believed in his own worth through inner feelings but his love for a girl who didn’t live him back made him commit suicide
38
individualism
- an interest in the unique traits of each person; important characteristic of Romanticism
- desire to follow their inner→ led them to rebel against middle class conventions
39
***Grimm Brothers
- German; collected and published local fairy tales (like Hans Christian Andersen in Denmark)
40
***neo-Gothic archtecture
-??
41
Walter Scott
- novels; bestsellers; Ivanhoe (clash between Saxon and Norman knights in medieval England)
42
Mary Shelley
-novels; Frankenstein; reflects that ppl sought the unusual in their own lives by pursuing extraordinary states of experience in dreams, nightmares, frenzies, and suicidal depression; or experimenting with cocaine, opium, and hashish to produce altered states of consciousness
43
Percy Bysshe Shelley
- 1792-1822
- atheist; wanted to reform the world; Prometheus Unbound (1820)
- portrait of revolt of human beings against the laws and customs that oppress them
44
Lord Byron
- 1788-1824
- dramatized himself as the melancholy Romantic hero that he had described in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
- participated in the movement of Greek independence and died in Greece fighting the Ottomans
45
William Wordsworth
- 1770-1850
- poet; wrote about nature (love of nature); his experience of nature was almost mystical as he claimed to receive authentic tidings of invisible things
- though nature contained a mysterious force that the poet could perceive and learn from
- nature served as a mirror into which humans could look to learn about themselves
- nature was alive and scared
46
pantheism
- a doctrine that equates God with the universe and all that’s in it
47
Caspar David Friedrich
- 1774-1840
- German painter; occupation with God and nature
- painted landscapes with an interest that transcended the mere presentation of natural details
- feeling of mystery and mysticism
- for him, nature was a manifestation of divine life (Man and Woman Gazing at the Moon)
- artistic process depended on one’s inner vision
48
Joseph Malford William Turner
- 1775-1851
- J.M.W. Turner; prolific artist; English; made more than 20,000 paintings, drawings, and watercolors
- didn’t idealize nature or reproduce it with realistic accuracy→ wanted to convey its moods by using a skilled interplay of light and color to suggest natural effects
- allowed his objects to melt into their surroundings
49
Eugene Delacroix
- 1789-1863
- French Romantic artist; self taught; fascinated by exotic and passion for color
- The Death of Sardanapalus= use of light and interrelated color; portrayal of the last Assyrian king; criticized for garishness
- “a painting should be a feast to the eye”
- daring use of color
50
Ludwig van Beethoven
- 1770-1827
- one of the greatest composers of all time; music HAD to reflect his deepest inner feelings
- bridge from classical era to Romanticism
- studied under Haydn in Vienna; music capital of the world; lived there
- Third Symphony (Eroica)= meant for Napoleon; broke through the elements of Romanticism in his use of uncontrolled rhythms to create dramatic struggle and uplifted resolutions
- became deaf; wrote 9th Symphony when deaf
51
Francois-Rene de Chateaubriand
- 1768-1848
- Frenchman; Genius of Christianity (1802) labeled the “Bible of Romanticism”
- his defense of Catholicism was based not on historical, theological, or even rational grounds but largely on Romantic sentiment
- Catholicism reflected the harmony of things
- cathedrals brought one into the very presence of God; awe
