Week 3 Adipose Tissue Dysfunction Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Week 3 Adipose Tissue Dysfunction Deck (42)
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1
Q

how does adipose tissue appear under a microscope?

A

thin walled empty vacuole with nucleus pushed to periphery of cell (appear empty becuase stain is hydrophobic and dissolved the fat)

2
Q

what is brown fat?

A

fat that is important in heat production thermogenesis

3
Q

where/in who do we see brown fat?

A

newborns have quite a bit of brown fat, amount decreases with age and remains only around kidney, large vessels, neck and back at older age

4
Q

how does brown adipose tissue appear under a micrsocope?

A

smaller, more numerous fat vacuoles within each adipocyte (than white adipose tissue)

5
Q

describe the vascularity and innervation of brown adipose tissue?

A

highly vascular and innervated

6
Q

what is metabolic syndrome?

A

A cluster of conditions (high BP, high cholesterol, hyperglycemia, high visceral fat) that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, diabetes, and stroke

7
Q

what is visceral obesity?

A

fat surrounding organs

8
Q

what does adpiose tissue consist of?

A

macrophages, adipocytes, fibroblasts, pre-adipocytes

9
Q

what is role of fibroblasts?

A

make ECM and collagen

10
Q

what is role of pre-adipocytes?

A

stemm cell-like that generate new adipose cells

11
Q

what is role of macrophages?

A

seen mostly in visceral adipose, recruited to adipocytes as they grow larger, increase inflammation and decrease adiponectin

12
Q

what is the role of white adipose tissue?3

A

insulate body, store and release FFAs, protect organs

13
Q

what is role of lipoproteins such as chylomicrons?

A

transport triglycerides from intestines to adipose tissue

14
Q

what is role of lipoprotein lipase?

A

separates TGs from lipoproteins so they can be stored in adipocytes

15
Q

what is role of hormone sensitive lipase?

A

liberates FFAs from adipocytes to increase FFAs in bloods

16
Q

what effect does insulin have on LPL and HSL

A

promotes LPL and inhibits HSL (promotes TG sotrage)

17
Q

why do individuals with type II diabetes get fatter?

A

increased insulin levels increases the amount of TG stored in adipocytes (LPL increases and HSL decreases)

18
Q

what are adipokines?

A

the endocrine hormones of adipocytes

19
Q

in general, as adipose volume increases, what occurs to adipokine levels?

A

increase as well (except for adiponectin!)

20
Q

Leptin: main site of production, role 2, stimulated by

A

mainly produced in SubQ adipocytes, increases lipid oxidation in liver and lipolysis in muscle and adipose tissue (fat burner)
stim by FFAs and insulin

21
Q

Adiponectin: role 3

A

anti-atherosclerotic, enhances insulin sensitivity, increases glucose uptake

22
Q

when is adiponectin synthesis/activity reduced?3

A

obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome

23
Q

what is the role of IL-6? where is it produced

A

recruits macrophages to adipose tissue, visceral adipocytes

24
Q

which hormones are primarily produced in visceral adipose 2

A

angiotensinogen, IL-6

25
Q

where is leptin primarily produced

A

SubQ adipose

26
Q

are macrophages more prevelant in visceral or SubQ adipose?

A

visceral

27
Q

what is the signaling between adipocytes and macrophages

A

large adipocytes release FFAs–>macrophages releases TNF-alpha–>adipocytes induce lipolysis and express IL-6–>more macrophages are recruited–>inflamation seen in obesity occurs (adipose tissue dysfunction)

28
Q

obesity is associated with what form of inflammation? attributed to?

A

a chronic low grade inflammatory state. attributed to increased macrophages

29
Q

what is meant by adipose tissue dysfunciton?

A

this denotes a state of hypersecretion of pro-atherogenic, pro-inflammatory, and pro-diabetic adipocytokines

30
Q

who has more macrophages in their adipose tissue skinny or fat people?

A

fat

31
Q

macrophage number in adipose tissue correlates with…

A

insulin resistance

32
Q

how does insulin resistance occur in obese people?

A

the viscous cycle of inflamation and hyper-secretion seen in adipose of fat people releases FFAs. chronically high levels of FFA inhibits insulin signaling TNF-alpha also confers insulin resistance

33
Q

how does adiponectin increase insulin sensitivity?

A

trigger break down (oxidation) of FFAs in liver, inhibits glucose production

34
Q

what causes type II diabets (2)?

A

insulin resistance and a decreased insulin secretoty fxn of pancreatic beta-cells

35
Q

why is there increased insulin in fat people?

A

more insulin is made due to hyper-nutrition and insulin resistance…if this compensatory mechanism is exceeded type II diabetes occurs

36
Q

low adiponectin, and high IL-6, TNF-a, and leptin are associated with an increased risk of…

A

type II diabetes

37
Q

increased angioteninogen leads to what in obese people? (produced by dysfunctional adipocytes)

A

high blood pressure

38
Q

what is one explanation for the atherosclerosis seen in obese people?

A

a decrease in adiponectin

39
Q

low levels of which hormone is an independent predictor of future vascular disease?

A

adiponectin

40
Q

which hormone is a good measure of adipocyte dysfunction? why

A

adiponectin because it is only produced by adipocytes

41
Q

define independent risk factor

A

something is a significant contributor to a disease state

42
Q

what are the benefits of exercise in obese people?

A

reduce adipocyte size and modify adipocyte dysfunciton (decrease IL-6, TNF-alpha, leptin and increase adiponectin levles)

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