Week 5 Atrophy Module Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Week 5 Atrophy Module Deck (18)
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1
Q

what are the clinical settings of atrophy? 5

A

decreased functional demand, decreased oxygen supply, starvation, decreased trophic factors (denervation), persistent cell injury (pressure, inflammation, chronic disease)

2
Q

what is atrophy

A

decrease in organ/cell size with decrease in cell/organ fxn

3
Q

how can you discern a normal cell from an atrophic cell?

A

atrophic cells are surrounded by my ECM than normal cells

4
Q

decreased oxygen supply to a tissue results from….

A

decreased blood flow to tissue

5
Q

ischemia is often the result of ….

A

atherosclerosis

6
Q

how do you discern a normal brain from an atrophic brain?

A

a normal brain will have an “angry cat” appearance and appear full. an atrophied brain has a “jowly appearance” and have enlarged venticles, and shrunken frontal lobe

7
Q

how do skeletal muscles become atrophied from starvation?

A

carbs are utilized first, then fat, then muscle protein is degraded. w/o proper nutrition the muscle are degraded

8
Q

when do we typically see decreased trophic stimulation in skeletal muscle?

A

when a nerve to a skeletal muscle is lost (denervation)

9
Q

what is a theme seen in atrophy regarding surrounding tissues/cells?

A

when one cell type is atrophied, surrounding cell types will hypertrophy to compensate (seen in a hypoxic kidney [other kidney will hypertrophy] and muscle cells that are denervated [muscle cells that are still attached to nerves will hypertrophy])

10
Q

what results in the endometrium during menopause?

A

loss of insulin (trophic) causes atrophy and apoptosis of endometrial cells

11
Q

what is Hydrocephalus?

A

increase cerebral spinal fluid and increased pressure within the brain

12
Q

what results in the brain as a result of hydrocephalus?

A

brain atrophy (unhappy looking CT)

13
Q

What are Decubitus ulcers? what causes them?

A

bedsores caused by chronic pressure that induces atrophy and apoptosis of the skin

14
Q

what is gastritits? what is it an ideal example of?

A

inflammation of the stomach lining. ideal example of how chronic inflammation causes atrophy (and apoptosis).

15
Q

Cachexia is an ideal example of what?

A

how chronic disease (TB, AIDS, cancer) can lead to atrophy. results in a negative protein balance due to HIGH protein turnover

16
Q

what causes cancer cachexia?

A

elevated cytokines that induce protein degradation (proteasome and autophagy)

17
Q

give an example of a protein that may be increased in atrophic cells?

A

proteasomes

18
Q

what are the two broad ways in which protein (and other cell components) are degraded?

A

autophagy and ub-proteasome pathway

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