1C: Transmission of heritable information from generation to generation & the processes that increase genetic diversity Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
Phenotype
A
Physical manifestation of genes; observable; non-inheritable; e.g. Hair color, eye color
2
Q
Genotype
A
Genetic makeup; information in two alleles in the cell; inheritable; contains all heritable information, expressed and not expressed
3
Q
Genes
A
Very long strands of DNA that code for a particular trait; genes are found in chromosomes; codes for protein
4
Q
Genes
A
Very long strands of DNA that code for a particular trait; genes are found in chromosomes; codes for protein
5
Q
Locus
A
Location of a gene on a chromosome; two homologous chromosomes have genes located at the same location on the DNA strand
6
Q
Homologous Chromosomes
A
Two different alleles at their respective loci
7
Q
Gene Mapping
A
Determines the particular biological trait that a locus is responsible for
8
Q
Gene Mapping
A
Determines the particular biological trait that a locus is responsible for
9
Q
Allele
A
Form of a gene located at a locus of a particular chromosome; there can be single or multiple alleles at each locus
10
Q
Dominant Allele
A
Expressed and codes for a functional protein
11
Q
Recessive Allele
A
Does not get expressed unless there are two present
12
Q
Homozygous
A
Two alleles are the same
13
Q
Heterozygous
A
Two alleles are different
14
Q
Homozygous
A
Two alleles are the same
[AA]
15
Q
Heterozygous
A
Two alleles are different
[Aa]
16
Q
Homozygous
A
Two alleles are the same for a given trait
[AA]
[aa]
17
Q
Heterozygous
A
Two alleles are different for a given trait
[Aa]
-recessive trait is not expressed but can be inherited
18
Q
Heterozygous
A
Two alleles are different for a given trait
[Aa]
-recessive trait is not expressed but can be inherited
19
Q
Wild Type
A
The typical phenotype that an organism has, non-mutant phenotype
20
Q
Recessiveness
A
Viewed as the weaker of two alleles when it comes to determining one’s phenotype
21
Q
Recessiveness
A
Viewed as the weaker of two alleles when it comes to determining one’s phenotype; phenotype only expressed when both alleles of the recessive variant are present
22
Q
Recessiveness
A
Viewed as the weaker of two alleles when it comes to determining one’s phenotype; phenotype only expressed when both alleles of the recessive variant are present
23
Q
Complete Dominance
A
Recessive allele is completely ignored phenotypically; always defined with respect to the phenotype of the Heterozygote
24
Q
Codominance
A
Occurs when both alleles of a heterozygous allele pair air expressed resulting in phenotypic expression of both the dominant and the recessive phenotype
e.g. Blood Type
25
Incomplete Dominance
A new allele is expressed that is a blend of traits between the crossed alleles; RR x rr = Rr
26
Genetic Leakage
When genes are moved from one species to another
27
Penetrance
The percentage change that an organism will express the traits of a given gene
28
Penetrance
The percentage change that an organism will express the traits of a given gene
29
Expressivity
Determines how well genes are expressed
30
Expressivity
Determines how well genes are expressed
31
Hybridization
The process of two complementary, ssDNA or RNA combined together producing dsDNA through base pairing
32
Gene Pool
Sum of all genes (alleles) in a population at a given time; change over time through evolution through mutation, natural selection, genetic drift and other genetic mechanisms
33
Large Gene Pool
This gives high genetic diversity and greater biological fitness
34
Small Gene Pool
This gives low genetic diversity and reduced biological fitness = increased chance of extinction
35
Significance of Meiosis
Introduces genetic variability by genetic recombination which is a product of independent assortment & crossing-over
36
Differences between Mitosis & Meiosis
Mitosis = asexual, 2n -> 2n, growth and repair, 1 round of division, centromeres split during anaphase
Meiosis = sexual, 2n -> n, genetic diversity, crossing over, homologs pair up, 4 haploid cells, 46 -> 23, centromeres split during anaphase II
37
Law of Independent Assortment
Generates genetic variation;
38
Law of Independent Assortment
Generates genetic variation; each genes inheritance is independent of the inheritance of other genes
39
Genetic Linkage
Genes located near each other on a chromosome are likely to be inherited together during meiosis
40
Genetic Linkage
Genes located near each other on a chromosome are likely to be inherited together during meiosis; during crossover, genes located near a specific locus are less likely to be separated
41
Genetic Linkage
Genes located near each other on a chromosome are likely to be inherited together during meiosis; during crossover, genes located near a specific locus are less likely to be separated
42
Synaptonemal Complex
A protein complex between homologue chromosomes
43
Tetrads
Produced during meiosis through the process of synapsis
44
Chiasma
Joining between a pair of homologous chromosomes resulting in the formation of four chromatids
45
Chiasma
Joining between a pair of homologous chromosomes resulting in the formation of four chromatids
46
Sex-Linked Characteristics
Carried on the X chromosome - can affect both females and males; Y genes only affect males
47
X-linked recessive traits
Trait always expressed in men; women considered carriers
48
X-linked dominant traits
50% chance of inheriting from mother; 100% chance of inheriting from father
49
Genes of Y Chromosome
Sex-determining chromosome responsible for initiation of male sex determination; very few genes
50
Sex Determination
```
XX = female
XY = male
```
51
Cytoplasmic Inheritance
Inheritance of things other than genomic DNA; cellular organelles (mitochondria) inherited from the mother
52
Mutation
Change in DNA sequences by means other than recombination
53
Types of Mutations
```
Random
Translation Error
Transcription Error
Base Substitution
Inversion
Addition
Deletion
Translocation
Mispairing
```
54
Random Mutation
Random changes in DNA sequence due to radiation, chemicals, replication errors
55
Translation Error
Errors during translation that cause expression of a mutant phenotype
56
Transcription Error
Errors during transcription can cause expression of a mutant phenotype
57
Base Substituion
Mutation involving a base [ATGC] changing to a different base
58
Inversion
A stretch of DNA breaks off and reattaches in the opposite orientation
59
Addition (Insertion)
An extra base is added/inserted into the DNA sequence
60
Addition (Insertion)
An extra base is added/inserted into the DNA sequence
61
Deletion
A base is taken out of the DNA sequence
62
Single Addition/Insertion & Deletion Mutations
Result in Frameshift Mutation
63
Translocation
A stretch of DNA breaks off and then reattaches somewhere else
64
Mispairing
A not pairing with T or G not pairing with C
65
Mispairing
A not pairing with T or G not pairing with C
66
Advantageous Mutation
Results in a benefit to the fitness of the organism
67
Deleterious Mutation
Results in harmful effect to the fitness of the organism
68
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Genetic diseases that result in faulty metabolism; example Phenylketonuria
69
Phenylketonuria
People can't metabolize phenylalanine
70
Mutagen
Something that causes mutation
71
Carcinogen
Something that causes a mutation that causes cancer
72
Relationship between mutagens and carcinogens
Carcinogens are almost always mutagens, not all mutagens are carcinogens
73
Mitogen
Something that increases the rate of mitosis
74
Mitogen
Something that increases the rate of mitosis
75
Genetic Drift
Random sampling that causes changes in gene frequency in a population; a mechanism of evolution; increased by synapsis and crossing over
76
Synapsis
A mechanism that occurs during Prophase I of Meiosis; occurs before crossing over
77
Crossing Over
Exchanging of a section of chromosomes which results in daughter cells containing genes from both parents
78
Hardy-Weinberg Principle/Equilibrium
Allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences
79
Hardy-Weinberg Principle/Equilibrium
Allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences
80
Hardy-Weinberg Equations
p + q = 1
| p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
81
p
Frequency of allele A
82
q
Frequency of allele a
83
p^2
Frequency of genotype AA
84
q^2
Frequency of genotype aa
85
2pq
Frequency of genotype Aa
86
2pq
Frequency of genotype Aa
87
Five Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg
1. No Genetic Drift (infinitely large population)
2. No Mutation
3. No Migration
4. No Sexual Selection (Random mating)
5. No Natural Selection
88
Back Cross
Mating between offspring and parent
89
Back Cross
Mating between offspring and parent
90
Multiplication Rule
Independent events in sequence; questions with and
91
Addition Rule
Mutually exclusive events; questions with or
92
Addition Rule
Mutually exclusive events; questions with or
93
Natural Selection
Survival and reproduction of the fittest
94
Fitness Concept
The ability to pass on genes or reproductive success
95
Selection by Differential Reproduction
Individuals who reproduce more viable offspring are selected for; less viable offspring are selected against
96
Directional Selection
Selects for a trait on one extreme; away from the average
97
Divergent (Disruptive) Selection
Selection in both directions away from the average
98
Stabilizing Selection
Selection for the average, against the extremes
99
Group Selection
The idea that natural selections can affect the group/population and not just the individual
100
Speciation
Formation of a new species which can occur due to barriers to successful interbreeding within an initial species
101
3 conditions of biological species
1. Ability to interbreed
2. Ability to produce fertile viable offspring
3. Does all of this naturally
102
Polymorphism
Different phenotypes within a population of species; different forms of alleles/traits
103
Polymorphism
Different phenotypes within a population of species; different forms of alleles/traits
104
Adaptation
A change in the species over generations in order to better survive in the environment; genetic change caused by natural selection
105
Specialization
Certain traits or characteristics are adapted to increase the species' survival
106
Specialization
Certain traits or characteristics are adapted to increase the species' survival
107
Inbreeding
Idea of mating between relatives that increases frequency of homozygotes and decreases frequency of heterozygotes and genetic diversity; often due to lack of migration
108
Inbreeding
Idea of mating between relatives that increases frequency of homozygotes and decreases frequency of heterozygotes and genetic diversity; often due to lack of migration
109
Outbreeding
Mating of unrelated members of a species; increases frequency of heterozygosity and genetic diversity; less subjection to diseases and genetic deformities
110
Bottlenecks
The loss of most of the population usually following a disaster, increases the effect of genetic drift
111
Bottlenecks
The loss of most of the population usually following a disaster, increases the effect of genetic drift
112
Divergent Evolution
Same lineage, evolving apart to be more different; produces homologous structures
113
Parallel Evolution
Same lineage, evolving closer together to be similar, using similar mechanisms
114
Convergent Evolution
Different lineage, evolving closer together to be similar, using different mechanisms; produces analogous structures
115
Convergent Evolution
Different lineage, evolving closer together to be similar, using different mechanisms; produces analogous structures
116
Coevolution
Two species evolve in response to each other; predator/prey or host/parasite species
117
Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism, Commensalism, Mutualism
118
Parastism
Relationship where
119
Parastism
Relationship where one benefits and the other is harmed
120
Commensalism
Relationship where one benefits and the other is not affected
121
Mutualism
Relationship where both species benefit
