Data-Based and Statistical Reasoning

Question 1

Measurements of Central Tendency

Answer 1

Provide a single value representation for the middle of a group of data (mean, median, mode)

Question 2

Measurements of Central Tendency

Answer 2

Provide a single value representation for the middle of a group of data (mean, median, mode)

Question 3

Measures of Central Tendency

Answer 3

Provide a single value representation for the middle of a group of data (mean, median, mode)

Question 4

Measures of Central Tendency

Answer 4

Provide a single value representation for the middle of a group of data

Question 5

Arithmetic Mean (Average)

Answer 5

A measure that equally weighs all values; it’s most affected by outliers

Question 6

Median

Answer 6

The value that lies in the middle of the data set; 50% of the data points are above and below the median

Question 7

Median

Answer 7

The value that lies in the middle of the data set; 50% of the data points are above and below the median

Question 8

Mode

Answer 8

The data point that appears most often; there may be multiple, or zero, modes in a data set

Question 9

Mode

Answer 9

The data point that appears most often; there may be multiple, or zero, modes in a data set

Question 10

Range

Answer 10

The difference between the smallest and largest number in a sample

Question 11

Distribution

Answer 11

Classified by measures of central tendency and measures of distribution; it has a particular shape

Question 12

Distribution

Answer 12

Classified by measures of central tendency and measures of distribution; it has a particular shape

Question 13

Normal Distribution

Answer 13

Symmetrical, mean, median and mode are the same

Question 14

Standard Normal Distribution

Answer 14

Normal distribution with a mean of zero and standard deviation of 1

Question 15

Skewed Distribution

Answer 15

Have differences in their mean, median and mode; skew is in the direction of the tail

Question 16

Bimodal Distribution

Answer 16

Multiple peaks; it may be useful to perform data analysis on the two groups separately

Question 17

Bimodal Distribution

Answer 17

Multiple peaks; it may be useful to perform data analysis on the two groups separately

Question 18

Measures of Distribution

Answer 18

Range
Interquartile Range
Standard Deviation
Outliers

Question 19

Interquartile Range

Answer 19

Difference between the value of the third quartile and the first quartile

Question 20

Interquartile Range

Answer 20

Difference between the value of the third quartile and the first quartile

Question 21

Standard Deviation

Answer 21

Measurement of the variability about the mean; it is used to calculate how much the data varies

Question 22

Standard Deviation

Answer 22

Measurement of the variability about the mean; it is used to calculate how much the data varies

Question 23

Outliers

Answer 23

A result of true population variability, measurement error or non-normal distribution

Question 24

Outliers

Answer 24

A result of true population variability, measurement error or non-normal distribution

Question 25

Probability of Independent Events

Answer 25

Does not change based on the outcomes of other events

Question 26

Probability of Dependent Events

Answer 26

Does change depending on the outcomes of other events

Question 27

Mutually Exclusive Outcomes

Answer 27

Cannot occur simultaneously

Question 28

Mutually Exclusive Outcomes

Answer 28

Cannot occur simultaneously

Question 29

Hypothesis Tests

Answer 29

Use a known distribution to determine whether a hypothesis of difference (the null hypothesis) can be rejected

Question 30

Hypothesis Tests

Answer 30

Use a known distribution to determine whether a hypothesis of difference (the null hypothesis) can be rejected

Question 31

Null Hypothesis

Answer 31

States that two populations are equal or that a single population can be described by parameter equal to a given value

Question 32

Correlation

Answer 32

Expresses a relationship between two sets of data using a single number

Question 33

Positive Correlation

Answer 33

Indicates a positive association between the two variables; that is, when one variable increases the other also tends to increase as well

Question 34

Negative Correlation

Answer 34

Indicates a negative association between the two variables; that is, when one increases the other tends to decrease or vice versa

Question 35

Correlation does not imply causation

Answer 35

Conclusions cannot be drawn about behavioral problems based on correlation