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2A (Organelles & Cytoskeleton) Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

Eukaryote

A

Have a true membrane bound nucleus, contains membrane bound organelles and undergo mitotic as well as meiotic division

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2
Q

Eukaryote

A

Have a true membrane bound nucleus, contains membrane bound organelles and undergo mitotic as well as meiotic division

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Contain and protect DNA, Site of DNA replication and transcription, contains the nucleolus which is the site of ribosome assembly; consists of heterochromatin and euchromatin

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4
Q

Nuclear Heterochromatin

A

Sequestered to the periphery

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5
Q

Nuclear Euchromatin

A

Dispersed throughout the nucleus

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6
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Separates genetic content into a distinct compartment of the cell, isolating it from other organelles and cytoplasm

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7
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Allow certain molecules to migrate into and out of the nucleus

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8
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Allow certain molecules to migrate into and out of the nucleus

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9
Q

Storage of Genetic Information

A

dsDNA, in chromosomes, telomeres that help special DNA Pol that maintain the end of linear chromosomes

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10
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Allow certain molecules to migrate into and out of the nucleus; large proteins cannot pass through and are excluded from the nuclear interior

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11
Q

Storage of Genetic Information

A

dsDNA, in chromosomes, telomeres that help special DNA Pol that maintain the end of linear chromosomes

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of OXPHOS, consists of a matrix, inner and outer membrane

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13
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

Interior of the mitochondria that contains PDH and CAC enzymes

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14
Q

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

A

Location of the Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthase

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15
Q

Cristae

A

Inner folds of the mitochondrial membrane that increase the surface area available for ETC

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16
Q

Outer Mitochondrial Membrane

A

Contains large pores that allow free passage of small molecules

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17
Q

Intermembrane Space

A

The space between the membranes

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18
Q

Mitochondrial Genome

A

Contains its own genome that is much smaller than the regular cellular genomes; single circular DNA molecule, replicates through binary fission

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19
Q

Mitochondrial Genome

A

Contains its own genome that is much smaller than the regular cellular genomes; single circular DNA molecule, replicates through binary fission; inherited from the mother (ovum contains organelles)

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20
Q

Mitochondrial Genome

A

Contains its own genome that is much smaller than the regular cellular genomes; single circular DNA molecule, replicates through binary fission; inherited from the mother (ovum contains organelles)

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21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane bound organelles that are responsible for degradation; utilizes hydrolytic enzymes

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22
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound organelles that utilize hydrolytic enzymes to break down biomolecules and cellular debris; optimally active at an acidic pH

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23
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound organelles that utilize hydrolytic enzymes to break down biomolecules and cellular debris; optimally active at an acidic pH (pH = 5)

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24
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound organelles that utilize hydrolytic enzymes to break down biomolecules and cellular debris; optimally active at an acidic pH (pH = 5)

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25
Endoplasmic Reticulum
An interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs known as cisternae;
26
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Contains a large number of ribosomes on the surface and are the site of protein synthesis, folding, modification and export
27
RER Ribosomes
Attach to the cytosolic side of the rough ER and synthesize protein into the lumen
28
RER Role in Biosynthesis
It secretes transmembrane proteins that have a signal sequence designating their need for secretion that recruits a signal recognition particle (RER); SRP is cleaved off in the lumen of the RER
29
RER Role in Biosynthesis | [Transmembrane Proteins]
It secretes transmembrane proteins that have a signal sequence designating their need for secretion that recruits a signal recognition particle (RER); SRP is cleaved off in the lumen of the RER
30
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lacks ribosomes and contains enzymes that are involved in biosynthesis of lipids, steroids and metabolism of carbohydrates and drugs
31
SER Role in Biosynthesis | [Lipids]
Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids and steroids
32
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Stores and pumps calcium ions, releases when the muscle cell is stimulated; plays roles in excitation-contraction coupling
33
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Stores and pumps calcium ions, releases when the muscle cell is stimulated; plays roles in excitation-contraction coupling
34
Golgi Apparatus
Packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination; processes proteins for secretion and contains glycosylation enzymes Cis Face receives transport vesicles from the ER Trans Face sends secretory vesicles to the surface
35
Glycosylation
Affects protein structure, function and protects it from degradation
36
Glycosylation
Affects protein structure, function and protects it from degradation
37
Peroxisomes | [Microbodies]
Involves in the catabolism of very long chain fatty acids (beta oxidation), amino acids, reduction of ROS [H2O2]; isoprenoid and cholesterol synthesis
38
Peroxisomes | [Microbodies]
Involves in the catabolism of very long chain fatty acids (beta oxidation), amino acids, reduction of ROS [H2O2]; isoprenoid and cholesterol synthesis
39
Cytoskeleton
An intracellular matrix that supports cell shape and gives mechanical resistance; Provides structural support; Allows for the movement of cells and its appendages; Transports substances within the cell
40
Cytoskeleton Components
Microtubules [Thick] Intermediate Filaments Microfilaments [Thin]
41
Microfilament Protein
Actin
42
Microfilament Characteristics
Flexible, Strong and Resist Buckling
43
Microfilament Function
Cytokinesis, Amoeboid Movement and Cell Shape Change
44
Microfilament Function
Cytokinesis, Amoeboid Movement and Cell Shape Change
45
Microtubule Protein
Tubulin
46
Microtubule Characteristics
Hollow rods of alpha and beta tubulin
47
Microtubule Function
Mediates transport of substances within the cell; movement of secretory vesicles, organelles and intracellular macromolecular assemblies (using dynein and kinesin)
48
Microfilament Characteristics
Flexible, Strong and Resist Buckling; bears compression
49
Microtubule Characteristics
Hollow rods of alpha and beta tubulin; bears compression
50
Microtubule Function
Mediates transport of substances within the cell; movement of secretory vesicles, organelles and intracellular macromolecular assemblies (using dynein and kinesin)
51
Microtubule Structure
Mitotic Spindle, Cilia/Flagella
52
Microtubule Structure
Mitotic Spindle, Cilia/Flagella
53
Intermediate Filaments
Play a role in support, bearing tension - resisting mechanical stress
54
Intermediate Filaments
Play a role in support, bearing tension - resisting mechanical stress
55
Centrioles
Composed of tubulin; microtubules radiate out of the centrioles;
56
Microtubule Organizing Center
Organizes flagella and cilia as well as the mitotic and meiotic spindle apparatus; known as basal bodies and centrosomes
57
Epithelial Cells [Shape]
Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
58
Epithelial Cells [Type]
Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified
59
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Endothelium, Capillaries, Alveolar
60
Simple Cuboidal
Gland ducts, Kidney tubules
61
Simple Columnar
Stomach and Gut
62
Stratified Squamous
Skin
63
Simple Epithelium Characteristics
Single cell layer, good for absorption, secretion, filtration and diffusion
64
Stratified Epithelium Characteristics
Two or More Cell layers, good for protection against abrasion
65
Stratified Epithelium Characteristics
Two or More Cell layers, good for protection against abrasion
66
Endothelial Cells
Line the inside of organs and blood vessels; thin, single layer cells facilitated diffusion
67
Endothelial Cells
Line the inside of organs and blood vessels; thin, single layer cells facilitated diffusion
68
Connective Tissue Structure
Consists of cells and extracellular matrix
69
Ground Substance
Glue that holds the matrix together
70
Connective Tissue Fibers
Mostly collagen that gives the matrix strength
71
Connective Tissue Fibers
Mostly collagen that gives the matrix strength
72
Connective Tissue Types
Bone, Fat, Tendons, Ligaments, Cartilage and Blood
73
Osteoblasts
Make Bone
74
Fibroblasts
Make connective tissue proper (fats, tendons, ligaments)
75
Chondroblasts
Make Cartilage
76
Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Make Blood
77
-blast
Stem cell that actively produces something
78
-cyte
Mature cell that does 'housekeeping'
79
-cyte
Mature cell that does 'housekeeping'
80
Types of Fibers
Collagen, Elastic and Reticular
81
Collagen Fibers
Strong and present in dense connective tissue
82
Elastic Fiber
Stretchable
83
Reticular Fibers
Branching, forms nets
84
Reticular Fibers
Branching, forms nets
85
Loose Connective Tissue
loose fibers with lots of ground substance
86
Dense Connective Tissue
dense fibers with little ground substance, genuinely fibrous; tendon and ligaments

MCAT (31 decks)

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