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MCAT > Psychology & Sociology Terms & Definitions (TPR) > Flashcards

Psychology & Sociology Terms & Definitions (TPR) Flashcards

1
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

The inability to meet a bare minimum of basic necessities, most notably, clean water, food, safe housing and reliable access to healthcare

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2
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

The inability to meet a bare minimum of basic necessities, most notably, clean water, food, safe housing and reliable access to healthcare

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3
Q

Achieved Status

A

Those statuses that are considered to be due largely to an individuals efforts

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4
Q

Acquisition

[Classical Conditioning]

A

The process of learning the association between a conditioned stimulus and response

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5
Q

Acquisition

[Classical Conditioning]

A

The process of learning the association between a conditioned stimulus and response

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6
Q

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A

The theory that dreams are simply byproducts of brain activation during REM sleep; suggests that the contents of dreams is not purposeful or meaningful

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7
Q

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A

The theory that dreams are simply byproducts of brain activation during REM sleep; suggests that the contents of dreams is not purposeful or meaningful

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8
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A

The tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities

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9
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A

The tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities

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10
Q

Addiction

A

A compulsion to do an act repeatedly; can consist of a psychological dependence and/or a physical dependence as evidenced by drug addiction withdrawal

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11
Q

Addiction

A

A compulsion to do an act repeatedly; can consist of a psychological dependence and/or a physical dependence as evidenced by drug addiction withdrawal

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12
Q

Affect

A

A person’s visible emotion in the moment

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13
Q

Affirmative Action

A

Policies that take factors like race or sex into consideration to benefit underrepresented groups in admissions or job hiring decisions

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14
Q

Aggregate

A

People who exist in the same space but do not interact or share a common sense of identity

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15
Q

Aggregate

A

People who exist in the same space but do not interact or share a common sense of identity

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16
Q

Aggression

A

Behavior that is forceful, hostile or attacking

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17
Q

Ainsworth (Mary)

A

Strange Situation Experiments where mothers would leave their infants in an unfamiliar environment to see how they would react

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18
Q

Algorithm

A

Step-by-step detailing of steps that aids with problem solving

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19
Q

Alpha Waves

A

Low amplitude, high frequency brain waves present in a relaxed state; indicators that a person is ready to drift off to sleep

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20
Q

Altruism

A

A behavior that helps ensure the success or survival of the rest of a social group, possibly at the expense of the success or survival of the individual

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21
Q

Amalgamation

A

Occurs when majority and minority groups combine to form a new group

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22
Q

Amalgamation

A

Occurs when majority and minority groups combine to form a new group

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23
Q

Anal Stage

[Freud’s Psychosexual]

A

The second stage in which the child seeks sensual pleasure through control of elimination

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24
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

An inability to form new memories

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25
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

Characterized by a history of serious behavior problems beginning in adolescence including significant aggression against people or animals, property destruction, lying or theft and serious rule violation

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26
Q

Anxiety Disorder

A

An emotional state of unpleasant physical and mental arousal; a preparation to fight or flee; anxiety is intense, frequent, irrational and uncontrollable

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27
Q

Asch (Solomon)

A

Research on conformity and group pressure by placing subjects in a room with several confederates and observing the behavior of the subject when the confederates provided clearly wrong answers to questions

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28
Q

Asch (Solomon)

A

Research on conformity and group pressure by placing subjects in a room with several confederates and observing the behavior of the subject when the confederates provided clearly wrong answers to questions

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29
Q

Ascribed Status

A

Those statuses that are assigned to a person by society regardless of the persons own efforts

30
Q

Assimilation

A

The process in which an individual forsakes aspects of his or her own cultural tradition to adopt those of a different culture; attempts to conform to the culture of the dominant group

31
Q

Assimilation

A

The process in which an individual forsakes aspects of his or her own cultural tradition to adopt those of a different culture; attempts to conform to the culture of the dominant group

32
Q

Associative Learning

A

Process of learning in which one event, object, or action is directly connected with another; categories = classical and operant conditioning

33
Q

Associative Learning

A

Process of learning in which one event, object, or action is directly connected with another. Categories = classical and operant conditioning

34
Q

Associative Learning

A

Process of learning in which one event, object, or action is directly connected with another. Categories = classical and operant conditioning

35
Q

Attenuation Model of Selective Attention

A

The mind has an attenuator (like a volume knob) that can tune up inputs to be attended and tune down unattended inputs rather than totally eliminating them

36
Q

Attenuation Model of Selective Attention

A

The mind has an attenuator (like a volume knob) that can tune up inputs to be attended and tune down unattended inputs rather than totally eliminating them

37
Q

Attitude

A

A person’s feelings and beliefs about other people or events around him, and his behavioral reactions based on those underlying evaluations

38
Q

Attitude

A

A person’s feelings and beliefs about other people or events around him, and his behavioral reactions based on those underlying evaluations

39
Q

Attribution Theory

A

A person’s feelings and beliefs about other people or events around them and their behavioral reactions based on those underlying evaluations

40
Q

Attribution Theory

A

A person’s feelings and beliefs about other people or events around them and their behavioral reactions based on those underlying evaluations

41
Q

Authoritarian Parenting

A

Parenting style in which parents impose strict rules that are expected to be followed unconditionally in an attempt to control children; this style is demanding and often relies on punishment

42
Q

Authoritarian Parenting

A

Parenting style in which parents impose strict rules that are expected to be followed unconditionally in an attempt to control children; this style is demanding and often relies on punishment

43
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Mental shortcut of making judgments on the frequency of something occurring based on how readily it is available in our memories

44
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Mental shortcut of making judgments on the frequency of something occurring based on how readily it is available in our memories

45
Q

Avoidance Learning

A

The process by which one learns to perform a behavior in order to ensure that a negative or aversive stimulus will not be present

46
Q

Avoidance Learning

A

The process by which one learns to perform a behavior in order to ensure that a negative or aversive stimulus will not be present

47
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

A psychological disorder characterized by feelings of inadequacy, inferiority and undesirability, and a preoccupation with fears of criticism

48
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

A psychological disorder characterized by feelings of inadequacy, inferiority and undesirability, and a preoccupation with fears of criticism

49
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

In response to the sole of the foot being stroked, a baby’s big toe moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot and the other toes fan out

50
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

In response to the sole of the foot being stroked, a baby’s big toe moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot and the other toes fan out

51
Q

Back Stage Self

A

In the dramaturgical perspective, where we can ‘let down our guard’ and be ourselves, as opposed to the ‘front stage’ where we are playing a role for others

52
Q

Back Stage Self

A

In the dramaturgical perspective, where we can ‘let down our guard’ and be ourselves, as opposed to the ‘front stage’ where we are playing a role for others

53
Q

Bandura (Albert)

A

Bobo doll studies that demonstrated observational learning; also pioneered the idea of the importance of self-efficacy in promoting learning

54
Q

Behavioral Therapy

A

A type of therapy uses conditioning to shape a client’s behaviors in the desired direction

55
Q

Behaviorism

[Personality]

A

Personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on a person’s environment; it is deterministic proposing that people begin as blank slates and that environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individual’s subsequent behavior and personailities

56
Q

Behaviorism

[Personality]

A

Personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on a person’s environment; it is deterministic proposing that people begin as blank slates and that environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individual’s subsequent behavior and personailities

57
Q

Beliefs

A

The convictions or principles that people within a culture hold

58
Q

Belief Bias

A

A tendency to draw conclusions based on what one already believes rather sound logic

59
Q

Belief Perservance

A

The maintenance of beliefs even in the face of evidence to the contrary

60
Q

Belief Perservance

A

The maintenance of beliefs even in the face of evidence to the contrary

61
Q

Bilateral Descent

A

A system of lineage in which the relatives on the mother’s side and father’s side are considered equally important

62
Q

Biofeedback

A

Means of recording and feeding back information about subtle autonomic responses to an individual in an attempt to train the individual to control previously involuntary responses

63
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

A psychological disorder characterized by cyclic mood episodes at both extremes or poles, depression and mania

Bipolar I: a person has experienced at least one manic or mixed episode

Bipolar II: the manic phases are less extreme

64
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

A psychological disorder characterized by cyclic mood episodes at both extremes or poles, depression and mania

Bipolar I: a person has experienced at least one manic or mixed episode

Bipolar II: the manic phases are less extreme

65
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

A preoccupation with a slight physical anomaly or imagined defect in appearance, often involving the face, hair, breasts or genitalia

66
Q

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

A

A preoccupation with a slight physical anomaly or imagined defect in appearance, often involving the face, hair, breasts or genitalia

67
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

Enduring or recurrent instability in impulse control, mood and image of self and others; Impulsive and reckless behavior, together with extreme mood swings, reactivity and anger can lead to unstable relationships and damage to the person and individuals around them

68
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

A type of sensory processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the complex integration of information occurring in the brain; the brain uses this in combination of this and top-down processing

69
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

A type of sensory processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the complex integration of information occurring in the brain; the brain uses this in combination of this and top-down processing

70
Q

Bystander Effect

A

The fact that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other people around

MCAT (31 decks)

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