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Psychology & Sociology Terms & Definitions (TPR) Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

The inability to meet a bare minimum of basic necessities, most notably, clean water, food, safe housing and reliable access to healthcare

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2
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

The inability to meet a bare minimum of basic necessities, most notably, clean water, food, safe housing and reliable access to healthcare

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3
Q

Achieved Status

A

Those statuses that are considered to be due largely to an individuals efforts

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4
Q

Acquisition

[Classical Conditioning]

A

The process of learning the association between a conditioned stimulus and response

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5
Q

Acquisition

[Classical Conditioning]

A

The process of learning the association between a conditioned stimulus and response

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6
Q

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A

The theory that dreams are simply byproducts of brain activation during REM sleep; suggests that the contents of dreams is not purposeful or meaningful

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7
Q

Activation-Synthesis Theory

A

The theory that dreams are simply byproducts of brain activation during REM sleep; suggests that the contents of dreams is not purposeful or meaningful

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8
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A

The tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities

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9
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A

The tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities

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10
Q

Addiction

A

A compulsion to do an act repeatedly; can consist of a psychological dependence and/or a physical dependence as evidenced by drug addiction withdrawal

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11
Q

Addiction

A

A compulsion to do an act repeatedly; can consist of a psychological dependence and/or a physical dependence as evidenced by drug addiction withdrawal

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12
Q

Affect

A

A person’s visible emotion in the moment

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13
Q

Affirmative Action

A

Policies that take factors like race or sex into consideration to benefit underrepresented groups in admissions or job hiring decisions

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14
Q

Aggregate

A

People who exist in the same space but do not interact or share a common sense of identity

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15
Q

Aggregate

A

People who exist in the same space but do not interact or share a common sense of identity

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16
Q

Aggression

A

Behavior that is forceful, hostile or attacking

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17
Q

Ainsworth (Mary)

A

Strange Situation Experiments where mothers would leave their infants in an unfamiliar environment to see how they would react

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18
Q

Algorithm

A

Step-by-step detailing of steps that aids with problem solving

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19
Q

Alpha Waves

A

Low amplitude, high frequency brain waves present in a relaxed state; indicators that a person is ready to drift off to sleep

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20
Q

Altruism

A

A behavior that helps ensure the success or survival of the rest of a social group, possibly at the expense of the success or survival of the individual

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21
Q

Amalgamation

A

Occurs when majority and minority groups combine to form a new group

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22
Q

Amalgamation

A

Occurs when majority and minority groups combine to form a new group

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23
Q

Anal Stage

[Freud’s Psychosexual]

A

The second stage in which the child seeks sensual pleasure through control of elimination

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24
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

An inability to form new memories

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25
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Characterized by a history of serious behavior problems beginning in adolescence including significant aggression against people or animals, property destruction, lying or theft and serious rule violation
26
Anxiety Disorder
An emotional state of unpleasant physical and mental arousal; a preparation to fight or flee; anxiety is intense, frequent, irrational and uncontrollable
27
Asch (Solomon)
Research on conformity and group pressure by placing subjects in a room with several confederates and observing the behavior of the subject when the confederates provided clearly wrong answers to questions
28
Asch (Solomon)
Research on conformity and group pressure by placing subjects in a room with several confederates and observing the behavior of the subject when the confederates provided clearly wrong answers to questions
29
Ascribed Status
Those statuses that are assigned to a person by society regardless of the persons own efforts
30
Assimilation
The process in which an individual forsakes aspects of his or her own cultural tradition to adopt those of a different culture; attempts to conform to the culture of the dominant group
31
Assimilation
The process in which an individual forsakes aspects of his or her own cultural tradition to adopt those of a different culture; attempts to conform to the culture of the dominant group
32
Associative Learning
Process of learning in which one event, object, or action is directly connected with another; categories = classical and operant conditioning
33
Associative Learning
Process of learning in which one event, object, or action is directly connected with another. Categories = classical and operant conditioning
34
Associative Learning
Process of learning in which one event, object, or action is directly connected with another. Categories = classical and operant conditioning
35
Attenuation Model of Selective Attention
The mind has an attenuator (like a volume knob) that can tune up inputs to be attended and tune down unattended inputs rather than totally eliminating them
36
Attenuation Model of Selective Attention
The mind has an attenuator (like a volume knob) that can tune up inputs to be attended and tune down unattended inputs rather than totally eliminating them
37
Attitude
A person's feelings and beliefs about other people or events around him, and his behavioral reactions based on those underlying evaluations
38
Attitude
A person's feelings and beliefs about other people or events around him, and his behavioral reactions based on those underlying evaluations
39
Attribution Theory
A person's feelings and beliefs about other people or events around them and their behavioral reactions based on those underlying evaluations
40
Attribution Theory
A person's feelings and beliefs about other people or events around them and their behavioral reactions based on those underlying evaluations
41
Authoritarian Parenting
Parenting style in which parents impose strict rules that are expected to be followed unconditionally in an attempt to control children; this style is demanding and often relies on punishment
42
Authoritarian Parenting
Parenting style in which parents impose strict rules that are expected to be followed unconditionally in an attempt to control children; this style is demanding and often relies on punishment
43
Availability Heuristic
Mental shortcut of making judgments on the frequency of something occurring based on how readily it is available in our memories
44
Availability Heuristic
Mental shortcut of making judgments on the frequency of something occurring based on how readily it is available in our memories
45
Avoidance Learning
The process by which one learns to perform a behavior in order to ensure that a negative or aversive stimulus will not be present
46
Avoidance Learning
The process by which one learns to perform a behavior in order to ensure that a negative or aversive stimulus will not be present
47
Avoidant Personality Disorder
A psychological disorder characterized by feelings of inadequacy, inferiority and undesirability, and a preoccupation with fears of criticism
48
Avoidant Personality Disorder
A psychological disorder characterized by feelings of inadequacy, inferiority and undesirability, and a preoccupation with fears of criticism
49
Babinski Reflex
In response to the sole of the foot being stroked, a baby's big toe moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot and the other toes fan out
50
Babinski Reflex
In response to the sole of the foot being stroked, a baby's big toe moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot and the other toes fan out
51
Back Stage Self
In the dramaturgical perspective, where we can 'let down our guard' and be ourselves, as opposed to the 'front stage' where we are playing a role for others
52
Back Stage Self
In the dramaturgical perspective, where we can 'let down our guard' and be ourselves, as opposed to the 'front stage' where we are playing a role for others
53
Bandura (Albert)
Bobo doll studies that demonstrated observational learning; also pioneered the idea of the importance of self-efficacy in promoting learning
54
Behavioral Therapy
A type of therapy uses conditioning to shape a client's behaviors in the desired direction
55
Behaviorism | [Personality]
Personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on a person's environment; it is deterministic proposing that people begin as blank slates and that environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individual's subsequent behavior and personailities
56
Behaviorism | [Personality]
Personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on a person's environment; it is deterministic proposing that people begin as blank slates and that environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individual's subsequent behavior and personailities
57
Beliefs
The convictions or principles that people within a culture hold
58
Belief Bias
A tendency to draw conclusions based on what one already believes rather sound logic
59
Belief Perservance
The maintenance of beliefs even in the face of evidence to the contrary
60
Belief Perservance
The maintenance of beliefs even in the face of evidence to the contrary
61
Bilateral Descent
A system of lineage in which the relatives on the mother's side and father's side are considered equally important
62
Biofeedback
Means of recording and feeding back information about subtle autonomic responses to an individual in an attempt to train the individual to control previously involuntary responses
63
Bipolar Disorder
A psychological disorder characterized by cyclic mood episodes at both extremes or poles, depression and mania Bipolar I: a person has experienced at least one manic or mixed episode Bipolar II: the manic phases are less extreme
64
Bipolar Disorder
A psychological disorder characterized by cyclic mood episodes at both extremes or poles, depression and mania Bipolar I: a person has experienced at least one manic or mixed episode Bipolar II: the manic phases are less extreme
65
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
A preoccupation with a slight physical anomaly or imagined defect in appearance, often involving the face, hair, breasts or genitalia
66
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
A preoccupation with a slight physical anomaly or imagined defect in appearance, often involving the face, hair, breasts or genitalia
67
Borderline Personality Disorder
Enduring or recurrent instability in impulse control, mood and image of self and others; Impulsive and reckless behavior, together with extreme mood swings, reactivity and anger can lead to unstable relationships and damage to the person and individuals around them
68
Bottom-Up Processing
A type of sensory processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the complex integration of information occurring in the brain; the brain uses this in combination of this and top-down processing
69
Bottom-Up Processing
A type of sensory processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the complex integration of information occurring in the brain; the brain uses this in combination of this and top-down processing
70
Bystander Effect
The fact that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other people around

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