3B: Structure and integrative functions of the main organ systems Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Respiratory Pathway
A
Nares -> Nasal Cavity -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli
2
Q
Pharnyx
A
Warms and humidifies the air
3
Q
Vibrissae (Nasal Hairs)
A
Filters air
4
Q
Alveoli
A
Small sacs that interface with the pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across a one-cell-thick membrane
5
Q
Alveoli
A
Small sacs that interface with the pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across a one-cell-thick membrane
6
Q
Surfactant
A
Reduces surface tension at the liquid-gas interface which prevents collapse
7
Q
Types of Pleurae
A
Visceral Pleura
Parietal Pleura
8
Q
Visceral Pleura
A
Lies adjacent to the lung itself
9
Q
Parietal Pleura
A
Lines the chest wall
10
Q
Intrapleural Space
A
Lies between these two layers and contains a thin layer of fluid, which lubricates the two pleural spaces
11
Q
Diaphragm
A
Thin skeletal muscle that helps create pressure differential required for breathing
12
Q
External Intercostal Muscles + Diaphragm
A
Expands the thoracic cavity, increasing the volume of the intrapleural space - decreasing intrapleural pressure
13
Q
External Intercostal Muscles + Diaphragm
A
Expands the thoracic cavity, increasing the volume of the intrapleural space; decreasing intrapleural pressure
14
Q
Negative-Pressure Breathing
A
Pressure differential ultimately expands the lungs, dropping their pressure and drawing in air from the environment
15
Q
Passive Exhalation
A
Relaxation of the muscles of inspiration and elastic recoil of the lungs allowing the chest cavity to decrease in volume, reversing the pressure differentials seen inhalation
16
Q
Active Exhalation
A
The internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles can be used to forcibly decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, pushing out air
17
Q
Spirometer
A
Used to measure lung capacities and volumes
18
Q
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
A
Maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely
19
Q
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
A
Maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely
20
Q
Residual Volume (RV)
A
Minimum volume of air in the lungs when one exhales completely
21
Q
Vital Capacity (VC)
A
Difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs
22
Q
Tidal Volume (TV)
A
Volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath
23
Q
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
A
Volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation
24
Q
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
A
Volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal exhalation
25
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal exhalation
26
Ventilation Center
A collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulate ventilation
27
Hypercapnia/Hypercarbia
High concentrations of CO2 in blood detected by chemoreceptors
28
Hypoxia
Low concentrations of O2 in the blood detected by chemoreceptors
29
Control of Ventilation
Cerebrum, Medulla Oblongata (overrides cerebrum during periods of hypo or hyperventilation)
30
Pulmonary Arteries
Brings deoxygenated blood with high CO2 concentration to the lungs
31
Pulmonary Veins
Takes oxygenated blood with low CO2 concentration away from the longs
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Pulmonary Veins
Takes oxygenated blood with low CO2 concentration away from the longs
33
Respiratory Effects in Thermoregulation
Assists with vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the capillary beds
34
Respiratory protection from pathogens
Vibrissae
Mucous Membranes (covered with IgA)
Mucociliary Escalator
Help filter in the incoming air and trap particulate matter
35
Lysozyme
In the nasal cavity and saliva attacks PTG cell walls of gram-positive bacteria
36
Macrophages
Engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader
37
Mast Cells
Have antibodies on their surface that can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals; often involved in allergic reactions
38
Decrease in Blood pH
Respiration rate increases to compensate by blowing off carbon dioxide; shifts left in the buffer equation to reduce hydrogen ion concentration
39
Increase in Blood pH
Respiration rate decreases to compensate by trapping carbon dioxide; shifts right in the buffer equation to increase hydrogen ion concentration
40
Increase in Blood pH
Respiration rate decreases to compensate by trapping carbon dioxide; shifts right in the buffer equation to increase hydrogen ion concentration
41
Carbonic Anhydrase
Catalyzes interconversion of CO2 and H2O to Bicarbonate and protons
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Carbonic Anhydrase
Catalyzes interconversion of CO2 and H2O to Bicarbonate and protons
43
Henry's Law
Says that when a gas is in contact with the surface of a liquid that amount of the gas will go into the solution is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas
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Function of Circulatory System
Circulate oxygen, nutrients, hormones, ions and fluids and remove metabolic waste
45
Circulatory role in Thermoregulation
Conserves heat by constricting blood flow from the skin
Gets rid of heat by dilating so more blood flows to the skin
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Chambers of the heart
Right and Left Atria
Right and Left Ventricle
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Which side carries deoxygenated blood?
Right
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Which side carries oxygenated blood?
Left
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What are the two circulations?
Pulmonary (heart to lungs)
| Systemic (heart to rest of the body)
50
What are the two circulations?
Pulmonary (heart to lungs)
| Systemic (heart to rest of the body)
51
What separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?
Mitral/Bicuspid Valve
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What separates the right atrium from the right ventricles?
Tricuspid Valve
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What separates the right atrium from the right ventricles?
Tricuspid Valve
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What separates the left ventricle from the vasculature?
Aortic Valve
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What separates the right ventricle from the vasculature?
Pulmonary Valve
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Atrioventricular Valves
Tricuspid
| Bicuspid/Mitral
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Semilunar Valves
Aortic
| Pulmonary
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Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
RA -> RV -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins > LA -> LV -> Aorta -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> Venae Cavae -> Ra
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Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
RA -> RV -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins > LA -> LV -> Aorta -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> Venae Cavae -> RA
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Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
RA -> RV -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins > LA -> LV -> Aorta -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> Venae Cavae -> RA
61
Why is the left side of the heart more muscular than the right?
It is because the systemic circulation has a much higher resistance and pressure
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Why is the left side of the heart more muscular than the right?
It is because the systemic circulation has a much higher resistance and pressure
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Endothelial Cells
Line the interior surface of blood vessels and are in direct contact with blood; function to provide barriers, form new blood vessels and control blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation
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Endothelial Cells
Line the interior surface of blood vessels and are in direct contact with blood; function to provide barriers, form new blood vessels and control blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation
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Systolic Pressure
BP when blood is being pumped and the left ventricles are contracting (highest)
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Diastolic Pressure
BP when blood is not being pumped, ventricles are relaxing and blood is filling (lowest)
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Diastolic Pressure
BP when blood is not being pumped, ventricles are relaxing and blood is filling (lowest)
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Pulmonary Circuit
Heart -> Lungs -> Heart
Shorter than systemic circulations and thus has less resistance and less BP
Involves in vasoconstriction
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Systemic Circuit
Heart -> Body -> Heart
Much larger and has higher resistance and higher BP
Involves vasodilation
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Systemic Circuit
Heart -> Body -> Heart
Much larger and has higher resistance and higher BP
Involves vasodilation
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Arteries
Thick, muscular with elastic qualities; allows for recoil and help to propel blood forward within the system
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Arterioles
Smaller muscular arteries that control blood blow into the capillary beds; active in vasoconstriction and allow body to control which tissues receive more blood
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Capillary Beds
Site of O2 and CO2 exchange
| Site of Nutrient and Waste exchange
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Types of Capillaries
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal
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Continuous Capillaries
No pores in endothelial cells, found in skin and muscles; sealing of clefts by tight junctions
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Fenestrated Capillaries
Small pores for molecules not big enough for blood cells to go through; found in small intestine, endocrine organs and kidney
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Sinusoidal Capillaries
Large pores for blood cells to go through; found in lymphoid tissue, liver, spleen and bone marrow
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Mechanisms of Heat Exchange
Radiation, Conduction, Evaporative Cooling
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Veins
Inelastic, thin-walled structures that transport blood to the heart; able to stretch to accommodate large volumes of blood but do not have recoil ability; compressed by surrounding skeletal muscles
80
Veins
Inelastic, thin-walled structures that transport blood to the heart; able to stretch to accommodate large volumes of blood but do not have recoil ability; compressed by surrounding skeletal muscles; have valves to maintain one-way flow
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Venules
Small veins
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Venules
Small veins
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Hepatic Portal System
Blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via hepatic portal vein
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Hepatic Portal System
Blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via hepatic portal vein
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Hypophyseal Portal System
Blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
86
Renal Portal System
Blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole
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Renal Portal System
Blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole
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Composition of Blood
Plasma, RBCs, WBCs, Platelets
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Plasma
Water, Ions, Plasma Proteins, Electrolytes, Gases, Nutrients, Wastes, Hormones
90
RBCs
Lack mitochondria, nuclei and organelles in order to make room for hemoglobin
91
WBCs
Formed in the bone marrow, consists of granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes
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Granular Leukocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
93
Agranular Leukocytes
Lymphocytes
| Monocytes
94
Thrombocytes
Cell fragments of megakaryocytes required for coagulation
95
RBCs
Lack mitochondria, nuclei and organelles in order to make room for hemoglobin; formed in bone marrow
96
Thrombocytes
Cell fragments of megakaryocytes required for coagulation
97
Heme Breakdown
Heme -> Bilirubin -> Bile -> Feces
98
Coagulation Path
Prothrombin -> Thrombin ->> Fibrinogen -> Fibrin
99
Coagulation Breakdown
Plasminogen -> Plasmin
100
Coagulation Path
Prothrombin -> Thrombin ->> Fibrinogen -> Fibrin
Liver produces clotting factors
101
Coagulation Breakdown
Plasminogen -> Plasmin
102
What mechanism does feedback follow?
Positive feedback -> clotting leads to more clotting
103
Universal Donor
O, no A or B antigen
104
Universal Receiver
AB, no antibody for A or B
105
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
It is attached to the iron of the heme group in hemoglobin
106
How many subunits does hemoglobin contain?
4 subunits w/ 4 iron atoms thus 4 O2 units at a time
107
Hematocrit
% volume of blood that is red blood cells
108
Oxygen Affinity
More oxygen binding to one subunit relaxes the confomration of the other subunits and increases the ability of oxygen to bind
109
Oxygen Affinity
More oxygen binding to one subunit relaxes the conformation of the other subunits and increases the ability of oxygen to bind
110
Oxygen Affinity
More oxygen binding to one subunit relaxes the conformation of the other subunits and increases the ability of oxygen to bind
111
What decreases oxygen affinity?
High temperature, low pH, high CO2 levels
112
What decreases oxygen affinity?
High temperature, low pH, high CO2 levels
113
How is CO2 transported in the blood?
Dissolved into RBCs forming carbaminohemoglobin where it is acted on by carbonic anhydrase
114
How is CO2 transported in the blood?
Dissolved into RBCs forming carbaminohemoglobin where it is acted on by carbonic anhydrase
115
How is plasma volume regulated?
Vasopressin/ADH, RAAS
