Flashcards in 3: Biological Bases to Behavior Deck (68):
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LOCATION n FUNCTION of BROCA'S AREA
LOC: LEFT part of PREFONTAL CORTEX
FCT: SPEECH (if damaged, individual can't speak correctly)
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EEG (2)
- electroencephalograph
- device that monitors the ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY of the brain over time by means of recording ELECTRODES attached to the surface of the SCALP
- different brain WAVE patterns are associated w. dif states of MENTAL ACTIVITY
- diagnosis of brain damage n epilepsy
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TMS (4)
- new technique that permits scientists to temporarily ENHANCE or DEPRESS activity in a specific area of the brain
- "VIRTUAL LESIONS"
- penetrates 2 CM
- delivered from MAGNET mounted on a small PADDLE
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lesioning (2)
- involves DESTROYING a piece of BRAIN
- typ. done by inserting an ELECTRODE into a brain structure n passing a high frequency ELECTRIC CURRENT thru it to BURN the tissue n disable the structure
- hunger regulation
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ESB (3)
- electrical stimulation of the brain
- involves sending a weak ELECTRIC CURRENT into the brain structure to stimulate (ACTIVATE) it.
- mostly conducted on ANIMALS but humans play a role to in the context of BRAIN SURGERY
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MRI (3)
- magnetic resonance imaging
- uses MAGNETIC fields, radio WAVES, and computer enhancement to map out brain structure
- 3DIMENSIONlAL, hi resolution
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CT scan (2)
- computerized tomography scan
- computer enhanced XRAY of brain structure
MULTIPLE x rays are shot from many ANGLES, n the computer combines the readings to create image from HORIZONTAL slice of brain
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LOCATION + FUNCTION of PITUITARY (6)
- LOC: BOTTOM of brain
- FCT: "CAPTAIN of the team"
- "DISTRIBUTOR"
- recieves hormones from the HYPOTHALAMUS
- influences METABOLISM
- "sends hormones that activate OTHERS"
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LOCATION n FUNCTION of HYPOTHALAMUS
LOC: near base of FOREBRAIN
- under THALAMUS
FCT: BASIC biological needs (4Fs: fighting, fleeing, feeding and f***ing)
- LINK b.w brain n ENDOCRINE system
- controls AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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fMRI (2)
- functional magnetic resonance imaging
- monitors BLOOD FLOW and OXYGEN CONSUMPTION in brain to identify areas of HI ACTIVITY
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LOCATION + FUNCTION of RETICULAR FORMATION
LOC: - runs thru HINDBRAIN n MIDBRAIN
- located at CENTRAL core of BRAINSTEM
FCT: contributes to regulation of MUSCLE reflexes, BREATHING, PAIN perception, SLEEP/AROUSAL
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LOCATION n FUNCTION of HIPPOCAMPUS?
LOC: LIMBIC system
FCT: role in memory processes
Neurogenesis, conversion of memory to long term
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LOCATION n FUNCTION of THALAMUS
LOC: strucure in the FOREBRAIN
FCT: relays all SENSORY info (except smell) to dif parts of the CEREBRAL CORTEX
- takes ACTIVE role in integrating information
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PET scan (3)
- positron emission tomography
- examines BRAIN FUNCTION, mapping brain activity
- RADIOACTIVELY TAGGED chemicals introduced into the brain and serve as MARKERS of blood flow or METABOLIC ACTIVITY
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LOCATION n FUNCTION of TEMPORAL LOBES
LOC: located near the TEMPLES n beneath the PARIETAL lobe
FCT: contains an area devoted to AUDITORY processing, called the PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX
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LOCATION n FUNCTION of AMYGDALA
LOC: LIMBIC system
FCT: role in learning of FEAR responses n processing of other basic RESPONSES
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LOCATION n FUNCTION of CEREBELLUM
LOC: relatively LARGE and deeply FOLDED structure located next to the BACK surface of the BRAINSTEM
FCT: COORDINATION(writing, typing, playing an instrument) n BALANCE
(Alchohol tests)
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The AMYGDALA is located in the .. .. , at the end of each .. .., and is VITAL to our experiences of .. (--> ...)
- LIMBIC SYSTEM
- HIPPOCAMPAL ARM
- EMOTION
- FEAR
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The CEREBELLUM is involved with .. (writing, typing, playing an instrument) and .. (alcohol tests)
- COORDINATION
- BALANCE
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LOCATION n FUNCTION of OCCIPITAL LOBE
LOC: back of the head
FCT: includes cortical area where most VISUAL SIGNALS are sent n visual processing begins
-->PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX
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LOCATION n FUNCTION of PARIETAL LOBE
LOC: FORWARD of the occipital lobe
FCT: includes area that registers the sense of TOUCH, called the PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX
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The MEDULLA is part of the .., and attaches to the .. .. It controls largely .. but .. functions (e.g. circulating .., .., sneezing, coughing, ..)
- HIND BRAIN
- SPINAL CORD
- UNCONSCIOUS but VITAL
- BLOOD
- BREATHING
- SALIVATING
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The LOCUS COERILEUS is located in the .. .. and CONTROLS .. .. .
- FRONTAL LOBE
- ATTENTION TO ENVIRONMENT
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SEROTONIN plays a prominent role in .. ..
- MOOD CONTROL
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WERNICKE's AREA is located in the .. .. in the .. ..; it plays a major role in .. .. (damage in this area would lead to ..)
- TEMPORAL LOBE
- LEFT HEMISPHERE
- LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
- problems with language comprehension duh
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CORPUS CALLOSUM is the .. of .. that passes between the two .. ..; its FUNCTIONS include .. b/w .. .. and .. ..
BRIDGE of FIBERS
- CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
- COMMUNICATION B/W BRAIN HEMISPHERE
- EYE MOVEMENT
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"EVERY MOVE you make (talking, walking, breathing) depends on this neurotransmitter, which is released to .. by .. .."
-->ACETYLCHOLINE
- MUSCLES
- MOTOR NEURONS
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DOPAMINE is used by neurons to control .. .. and plays a role in .. ; the degeneration of such neurons contribute to .. .. (marked by tremors, muscle rigidity, n reduced control over voluntary movements) and .. (+dopamine)
- VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT
- ALERTNESS
- PARKINSON's DISEASE
- SCHIZOPHRENIA
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GLUTAMATE is an .. .. distributed in the ..; it is .. and contributes to .. and ..; disturbances in gaba circuits may contribute to some types of .. ..
- AMINO ACID
- BRAIN
- EXCITATORY
- LEARNING n MEMORY
- SCHIZOPHRENIA
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GABA is an .. .. distributed in the ..; it is .. and is involved in the REGULATION of ..; disturbances in gaba circuits may contribute to some types of .. ..
- AMINO ACID
- BRAIN
- INHIBITORY
- ANXIETY
- ANXIETY DISORDERS
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ENDORPHINS contribute to the MODULATION of .., .. behavior, the body's response to .., and pleasurable feelings of ..
- PAIN
- EATING
- STRESS
- EUPHORIA ("runner's high")
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SOMA contains the .. .. and much of the .. .. COMMON to MOST cells.
- NUCLEUS
- CHEMICAL MACHINERY
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DENDRITES definition
- part of neuron that is specialized to RECIEVE INFORMATION
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AXON definition
- long thin fiber that TRANSMITS SIGNALS away from the SOMA to other NEURONS, or MUSCLES, or GLANDS.
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"INSULATING material that coats some axons and that acts to SPEED up the transmission of signals that move along the axon."
- if an axon's '' ..., its signals may not be transmitted effectively. --> .. .. (loss of muscle control)
- MYELIN SHEATHE
- DETERIORATES
- MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
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TERMINAL BUTTONS definition
- small nobs that secrete chemicals called NEUROTRANSMITTER
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SYNAPSE definition
- JUNCTION where information is transmitted from one neuron to the other
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GLIAL CELLS are found throughout the .. .. and provide various types of .. for NEURONS. For example, they supply .. and remove .. ..; the .. .. are derived from SPECIAL TYPES of GLIAL CELLS
- NERVOUS SYSTEM
- SUPPORT
- NOURISHMENT
- WASTE PRODUCTS
- MYELIN SHEATHES
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"Reweighting"
- TERMINAL BUTTONS become BIGGER the more the terminal is USED
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"Rewiring"
- AXONS and DENDRITES are rerouting if they get cut up
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What function does each hemisphere perform most efficiently? LEFT (5) RIGHT (4)
LEFT: VERBAL PROCESSING: language, speech, reading n writing
RIGHT: VISUAL, SPATIAL TASKS (localizing a dot, recognizing a face), MUSICAL, perception of EMOTIONS
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"Reconnecting"
- Dendrites constantly CHANGE/INCREASE their network
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REUPTAKE (2)
- PROCESS in which NEUROTRANSMITTERS are REABSORBED from the SYNAPTIC CLEFT by the PRESYNAPTIC MEMBRANE
- allows synapses to RECYCLE their materials
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NEUROTRANSMITTER
- CHEMICALS that TRANSMIT information from one NEURON to another
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POST SYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (PSP)
- VOLTAGE CHANGE at the RECEPTOR SITE on a POSTSYNAPTIC CELL MEMBRANE
- nature of the PSP (EXCITATORY/INHIBITORY) depends on which receptors are activated
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"DOWN TIME" (be4 SODIUM gates open again) during this time, another .. .. cannot begin (1-2 milliseconds)"
-->REFRACTORY PERIOD
- ACTION POTENTIAL
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Excitatory PSP + E.G.
- POSITIVE VOLTAGE SHIFT that INCREASES the LIKELIHOOD that the POSTSYNAPTIC neuron will fire action potentials
- glutamate
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MIRROR neurons (4)
- discovered in monkey's primary motor cortex
- in prefrontal lobe n parietal lobe
- neurons that are activated by PERFORMING an action or by SEEING another monkey or person perform the same action
- fundamental role in acquisition of new MOTOR SKILLS(n EMPATHY?)
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Inhibitory PSP + E.G.
- NEGATIVE VOLTAGE SHIFT that DECREASES the LIKELIHOOD that the POSTSYNAPTIC neuron will fire ACTION POTENTIALS
- gaba
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AFFERENT vs EFFERENT
Afferent (sensory neurons): neurons that send information TO the CNS
Efferent (motor neurons): neurons that recieve information FROM the CNS
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LOC + FUNCTION + 1 HORMONE of PITUITARY
- LOC: below HYPOTHALAMUS (pea sized)
- FCT: "master gland" of endocrine system: releases VARIETY of hormones, STIMULATING actions in other endocrine glands
- OXYTOCIN (reproductive behaviors)
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"3Rs"
- rewire, reconnection, reweighting
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Organization of Nervous System(6)
- CNS (brain n spinal chord)
- PNS (other nerves) :
- SOMATIC
- ANTONOMIC ( heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, glands)
- SYMPATHETIC DIV.: mobilizes bodies resources 4 emergencies
- PARASYMPATHIC DIV.: conserves bodily resources
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TWIN STUDIES assess .. .. by comparing resemblance of .. (..) and ..(..) twins
- HEREDITARY INFLUENCE
- IDENTICAL (100%)
- FRATERNAL (50%)
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In FAMILY STUDIES, researchers assess .. .. by examining .. .. to see how much they .. one another on a specific trait. For example, scientists have proved GENETIC INFLUENCES have a role in the development of .. (the more closely related, the more likely to get it)
- HEREDITARY INFLUENCE
- BLOOD RELATIVES
- RESEMBLE
- SCHIZOPHRENIA
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e.g of how GENOTYPE can determine a BEHAVIORAL phenotype (2)
- certain bird species genetically programmed to set up nests and hatch eggs at certain time
(Bird arrives earlier : advantageous/disadvantageous)
- birds genetically programmed to perform mating dance
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NOREPINEPHRIN is a .. hormone and .. most related to .. (chemically similar to ..: alertness). When released by the SYMPATHETIC NEURONS to the HEART, it INCREASES .. ..; it underlies the .. .. .. response
- STRESS
- NEUROTRANSMITTER
- CONCENTRATION
- DOPAMINE
- HEART CONTRACTIONS
- FIGHT OR FLIGHT
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How would an EVOLUTIONARY psychologist explain BEHAVIORAL traits?
- SELECTION of behavioral traits is based off of how much they CONTRIBUTE to REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS
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MENINGES definition
- SHEATHE protecting SPINAL and BRAIN STEM
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CEREBROSPINAL FLUID, a .. '..' that CUSHIONS the .., is located inside the .. ..
- NUTRITIVE 'SOUP'
- CORTEX
- BRAIN VENTRICLES
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NEURAL NETWORKS are all the .. between the ..; connects .. to ..
- PATHWAYS
- NEURONS
- MUSCLES
- ORGANS
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The THYROID controls the RATE of .., the RAPIDITY of .. .., and the .. of body to other ..
- METABOLISM
- PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
- SENSITIVITY
- HORMONES
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The ADRENAL GLAND responds to .. by producing .. and .. It also influences .. ..
- STRESS
- EPINEPHRINE n NOREPINEPHRIN
- KIDNEY FUNCTION
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The PANCREAS regulates....
- SUGAR LEVELS IN THE BLOOD
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Ovaries produce .., and TESTES produce .. (e.g. ..); these hormones influence .. .. behavior and .. ..
- ESTROGEN
- ANDROGEN
- TESTOSTERONE
- REPRODUCTIVE SEXUAL
- PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
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"E.g. Alligator turns towards sound of feet and starts padding towards sound"
- LOCUS COERILEUS
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"a LACK of this NEUROTRANSMITTER is associated with CLINICAL DEPRESSION"
- SEROTONIN
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