Study Guide: CHP 9 -- Intelligence

Question 1

2. FRANCIS GALTON?

Answer 1

• wrote “hereditary genius” and concluded that intelligence passes from generation to generation thru genetic inheritance; exceptional SENSORY ACUITY; coined the phrase “nature vs nurture”; invented the concepts of correlation and percentile test scores.

Question 2

2. ALFRED BINET?

Answer 2

• w/ SIMON published the first useful test of general mental ability; required abstract reasoning rather then sensory skills (galton) expressed child’s score in terms of “MENTAL AGE”

Question 3

2. LEWIS TERMAN?

Answer 3

• revision to binet’s test –> stanford-binet test ; incorporated the intelligence quotient (IQ) : mental age/chronological age x 100; could compare children of different ages

Question 4

2. DAVID WECHSLER?

Answer 4

• improved measurement of IQ in ADULTS–> wechsler adult intelligence scale; less dependent on verbal ability

Question 5

2. SPEARMAN?

Answer 5

-

Question 6

5. How effectively do intelligence tests predict?
   - VERBAL, PRACTICAL AND SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE
   - SCHOOL SUCCESS
   - JOB STATUS
   - INCOME

Answer 6

a. high correlation (.9)
b. high correlation
c. medium correlation
d. not very high (.3)

Question 7

6. How are GIFTEDNESS and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY defined?

Answer 7

• extreme intellectual performance at the high and low ends of the BELL CURVE (highest 3 percent–> gifted; lowest 3 percent –>
  benchmarks typically over 120 and under 80

Question 8

7. EVIDENCE for the HERITABILITY of INTELLIGENCE? (3)

Answer 8

• francis galton: intelligence does run in families (but is it genetics?) could just be similar environments
• twin studies: if a pair of identical twins are more similar in intelligence than pairs of fraternal twins, it’s presumably because of their greater genetic similarity; average correlation for id. twins (.86); fraternal (.60)
• heritability estimates range from 80% genetic to 40%; consensus tends to hover around 50% –> varies according to the individual

Question 9

8. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS that influence IQ scores

Answer 9

• unrelated/related children raised in the same home show significant resemblance in IQ–> indicates that environment influences intelligence
• children in deprived environments experience a gradual decline in IQ as they grow older –> cumulative deprivation hypothesis
• studies show that children scored notably higher on IQ tests that than siblings or peers “left behind” in institutions or disadvantaged homes.
• IQ performance has been rising steadily all of the industrialized world since the 1930s –> flynn effect (attributed to environmental factors)

Question 10

9. CULTURAL influences to IQ SCORES? (4)

Answer 10

• average IQ scores for minorities (african americans, native americans, hispanics) is somewhat lower to whites. why?
• 1969: jensen argument–> heritability (80% genetics)
• leon kamin rebuttal: plant coin (white bag and black bag) in two fields (fertile vs. less fertile) –> caused by environmental factors: socioeconomic disadvantage –> parents not there, crime neighborhood, environmental toxins, malnutrition, less learning supplies
• stereotype threat –> ppl blame their failure on racial inferiority or gender inferiority –> contributes to academic underachievement

Question 11

9. What BRAIN ACTIVITY is associated with INTELLIGENCE?

Answer 11

• studies have shown that there is a modest correlation between BRAIN SIZE and IQ
• studies have shown th

Question 12

10. Identify STERNBERG’S “successful intelligence”

Answer 12

-

Question 13

11. Explain GARDNER’s theory of MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES.

Answer 13

-

Question 14

4. Describe the FOUR CHARACTERISTICS of MODERN INTELLIGENCE TESTS. (4)

Answer 14

1. STANDARDIZED UNIFORM PROCEDURES
2. NORMED: RANKED IN RELATION TO OTHERS; YOUR SCORE IN RELATION TO OTHER PPL
3. RELIABILITY; TEST RETEST CONSISTENCY (LIKELY TO GET THE SAME SCORE)
4. MEASURE WHAT IT IS DESIGNED TO MEASURE

Question 15

1. Define INTELLIGENCE? (3)

Answer 15

• ted: the ability to impose new order
• cognitive ability
• the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills
• general mental ability for reasoning, problem solving, and learning.

Question 16

Sternberg has asserted that three facets characterize what he calls “SUCCESSFUL INTELLIGENCE” .. intelligence; .. intelligence; and .. inteligence

Answer 16

• ANALYTICAL
• CREATIVE
• PRACTICAL