3rd Quarter Pathology Test 2 Flashcards
(187 cards)
1
Q
types of cellular reactions (manners by which a body would respond to injury)
A
regressive tissue changesprogressive tissue changes
2
Q
an increase in size is what type of cellular reaction?
A
progressive tissue changes
3
Q
a decrease in size is what type of cellular reaction?
A
regressive tissue changes
4
Q
Types of regressive tissue changes
A
degeneration infiltrationnecrosisatrophy
5
Q
type of regressive tissue change in which there is an accumulation or buildup of a substance INTRACELLULARLY (within) the protoplasm of cells.
A
degeneration
6
Q
degeneration is….
A
intracellular
7
Q
we diffrentiate types of degeneration according to the type of _________ that is _______
A
substanceaccumulated
8
Q
most common type of degeneration.similar to edema. this fluid is between cells. Intracellular, cloudy swelling, There is a temporary accumulation or buildup of fluid within the protoplasm of cells.
A
cellular (cloudy) swelling
9
Q
fatty change-fatty metamorphosis-abnormal accumulation of fat within the protoplasm of normal cells.
A
fatty degeneration
10
Q
fat in liver cells affects the _______. This would be called __________
A
liverliver dysfunction (fatty liver degeneration)
11
Q
intracellular accumulation or buildup of amyloid within the normal protoplasm of cells.Commonly seen in TB - Typically, in adults, it begins in the lungs. Osteomyelitis - inflammation of the spongey bone marrow inside bones. Infectious disease.
A
Amyloid disease
12
Q
a waxy starch like substance
A
amyloid
13
Q
These two disease are commonly seen in relation to amyloid disease…
A
TBOsteomyelitis
14
Q
type of regressive tissue change in which there is an accumulation or buildup of a substance intercellularly (between the cells)
A
Infiltration
15
Q
means within the cells
A
intracellular
16
Q
means between the cells
A
intercellular
17
Q
inflammation of the spongey bone marrow inside bones. Infectious disease.
A
Osteomyelitis
18
Q
accumulation or buildup of a pigmented or colored substance
A
pigmentation
19
Q
types of infiltration
A
pigmentationcalcification gout
20
Q
accumulation of a pigmented or colored substance which originated outside the body
A
exogenous pigmentation
21
Q
tattoos, plumbism, (color change along gum line from high elements of lead) anthracosis (cole miner’s disease-black lung), bismuth poisoning (caused from high dosages over time of bismuth-pepto) are examples of…
A
exogenous pigmentation
22
Q
a disease that causes a color change along the gum line…from high elements of lead is called
A
plumbism
23
Q
cole miner’s disease also called black lung disease is…
A
anthracosis
24
Q
abnormal accumulation of pigmented or colored substance that is naturally present or produced within the body
A
endogenous pigmentation
25
jaundice, freckles, moles, albinism, birthmarks
endogenous pigmentation
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types of pigmentation
exogenousendogenous
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increased localized amounts of melanin. Usually a lighter shade of brown.
freckles
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benign pigmented tumors usually a darker shade of brown.
moles
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complete absence of melanin production
albinism
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these are usually shades of red (port wine color)type of benign tumor of blood vascular tissue.
birthmarks
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accumulation or buildup of calcium salts between the cell fibers, as in sclerotic vessels.This is also the natural way the body heals bone fractures.
calcification
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calcification is also known as...
calcareous infiltration
33
excess uric acid, especially seen in big toe
gout
34
process by which you have a localized area of necrotic or dead tissue present during life
necrosis
35
causes of necrosis..
1. insufficient blood supply2. physical agent-temperature extremes, radiation3. chemical gents4. loss of nerve supply
36
type of dead tissue which is cheese-like in appearance. Has a unique odor. As seen in TB
caseous necrosis
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difference between infarction and necrosis...
need to look up
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types of necrosis
caseousgangreneDecubitus ulcer
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most famous type of necrosis.
gangrene
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types of gangrene
moistdry gas
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true gangrene, since saprophytes are present and invade the tissue. There is a foul odor present since saprophytes are present. This is the worst possible type of gangrene
moist
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It fits this four word definition...ischemic necrosis (localized area of dead tissue that has been caused by the reduction in arterial blood supply ) plus putrefaction. This is why it is considered true.
moist gangrene
43
Which gangrene is commonly called TRUE GANGRENE?
moist gangrene
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localized area of dead tissue present in a living body
necrosis
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reduction in arterial blood supply
ischemic
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the decomposition of proteins in an anaerobic environment (absence of oxygen)
putrefaction
47
4 word definition for true gangrene?
ischemic necrosis plus putrefaction
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organisms that obtain their food from dead matter
saprophytes
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false gangrene; no saprophytes present; no order; nice line of demarcation.
dry gangrene
50
since saprophytes have not invaded dry gangrene it spreads_________
slowly
51
only type that is infectious, caused by clostridium perfringens during life; microorganisms cause tissue gas in death
gas gangrene
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a bacteria which can cause spores
perfringens
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which type of gangrene is the ONLY type that is infectious
gas gangrene
54
gas gangrene is caused by which of the following type of microorganisms
bacteria (perfringens)
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bedsores caused by pressure points which restrict blood flow.
decubitus ulcer
56
dead epithelial tissue
ulcer
57
absence or lack of growthA decrease in size of a body part or organ that previously was of normal size.
atrophy
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decrease in size of a body part or organ due to decreased functional demand
physiological atrophy
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types of atrophy
physiologicalpathological
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types of gangrene
moistdry gas
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types of degeneration
cellularfatty degeneration amyloid disease
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forms of physiological atrophy
thymus glandsenile atrophybreasts after lactation
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located at the base of the neck. Largest and most active during infancy.
Thymus gland
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the progressive shrinkage of all organs as part of the natural aging process.
Senile atrophy
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decrease in size due to disease
pathological atrophy
66
examples of pathological atrophyCHECK ACCURACY OF THIS CARD
anorexia nervosa cancerdisease of a body part (muscle) which will decrease in size.
67
body’s total response to any injury.
INFLAMMATION
68
Function of inflammation
protection of the body
69
If possible, inflammation will...
a. Destroy the causative agent.b. Limit the area affected.c. Begin the process of repair - the process to replace destroyed cells with new ones (scar tissue), but not the same as the destroyed cells.
70
Causes of inflammation
1. Physical irritants2. Chemical irritants3. Infectious agents4. Immunological reaction
71
extremes of temperature - hot or cold.Radiation which is cumulative.
Physical irritants
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an exposure to chemical.
Chemical irritants
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any type of microscopic pathogens.
Infectious agents
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allergic reaction to a immunological shot (autoimmune disease).
Immunological reaction
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Process of inflammation
1. Hyperemia (congestion) vascular2. Exudation
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The shipment of access blood to the injured body part or organ.
Hyperemia (congestion) vascular
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the oozing of fluids at the level of the capillaries.
Exudation
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the liquid that is oozed in inflammation
Exudate
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Types of exudates....
1. Purulent (suppurative)2. Hemorrhagic3. Serous
80
exudates which contain pus
purulent (suppurative)
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dead and living white blood cells and dead and living bacteria
pus
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exudate which contains blood
hemorrhagic
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exudate which does not contain pus, it is clear
serous
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cardinal signs and/or symptoms with inflammation should be __________________
temporary
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cardinal signs and/or symptoms of inflammation
Heat Redness Swelling PainAltered function
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concerning inflammation....CALOR (INCREASED TEMPERATURE)
HEAT
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concerning inflammation...RUBOR
REDNESS
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concerning inflammation...TUMOR (SHOULD BE TEMPORARY)
SWELLING
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concerning inflammation...DOLOR
PAIN
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concerning inflammation...FUNCTIO LAESA
ALTERED FUNCTION
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Inflammatory lesions
abscessphlegmonvesiclefurunclecarbunclesfistulaulcerpustule
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localized collection of pus.
Abscess
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cellulitis, a diffuse or wide spread inflammation of subcutaneous connective tissue. Appears as a red streak located and growing just under the surface of the skin.
Phlegmon
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blister, a small or slight elevation on the surface of the skin filled with serous or non-purulent fluid (does not contain pus).
Vesicle
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non-communicating boil, an abscess of a hair follicle or sweat gland.
Furuncle
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several communicating boils where the drainage of the hair follicle or sweat gland are shared.
Carbuncles
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abnormal passageway. Occurs mostly in the lower digestive tract. Can occur between parts of a body or from a body part to the outside.
Fistula
98
localized area of necrotic opithel - three common sites
Ulcer
99
3 common sites of ulcers
1. Upper GI tract, stomach or duodenum2. Toes on diabetics3. Decubitus ulcer - bedsore
100
Slight elevation of the surface of the skin which contains pus. (Pimple, whitehead, or black head) usually an oil gland.
Pustule
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outcomes of inflammation
resolutionregenerationrepair
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types of regeneration
physiological pathological
103
a part of the outcome which signals the end of the exudation stage or inflammation stage.
Resolution
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the replacement of damaged or diseased cells with the exact cells making it up.
Regeneration
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Regeneration due to increased functional demand.
Physiological
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Regeneration due to disease
Pathological
107
connective tissue cells. The replacement of damaged or diseased cells with healthy new cells with connective tissue cells or by surgery -results in scar tissue.
Repair
108
itis means...
inflammation
109
cyst means...
bladder or sac
110
chole means....
bile
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types of inflammation in the nervous system
encephalitismyelitismeningitispoliomyelitisneuritis
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inflammation of the brain
Encephalitis
113
inflammation of the spinal cord.
Myelitis
114
inflammation of the 3 layer membrane of the brain and spinal cord.
Meningitis
115
inflammation of the gray matter portion of the spinal cord.
Poliomyelitis
116
inflammation of a neuron or nerve cell.
Neuritis
117
types of inflammation in the respiratory system
rhinitispharyngitissinusitislaryngitispleuritistracheitisbronchitispneumonitis
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inflammation of the nasal mucosa
Rhinitis
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(mucusmembrane of the lining of the nasal cavity)
nasal mucosa
120
inflammation of the pharynx a sore throat
pharyngitis
121
inflammation of one or more sets of the paranasal sinuses
sinusitis
122
near or along the nasal cavities
paranasal sinuses
123
inflammation of the larynx or voice box
laryngitis
124
inflammation of the pleura
pleuritis
125
pleuritis is also called...
pleurisy
126
a thin membrane that surrounds the lungs
pleura (pleural space or cavity)
127
inflammation of the trachea or windpipe
tracheitis
128
inflammation of one or both of the bronchi (two) or bronchus (one)
bronchitis
129
inflammation of or infection of lung tissue itself
pneumonitis
130
types of pneumonitis
lobar pneumonia (one portion of the lung)bronchial pneumoniaviral pneumonia
131
types of inflammation in the digestive system
stomatitisglossitisgingivitisesophagitisgastritisenteritisdiverticulitiscolitisproctitisperitonitispancreatitishepatitischolecystitischolangitisappendicitis
132
inflammation of the mouth
stomatitis
133
inflammation of the tongue
glossitis
134
inflammation of the gums
gingivitis
135
inflammation of the esophagus
esophagitis
136
muscular tube that conveys food from the throat to the stomach
esophagus
137
inflammation of the stomach
gastritis
138
inflammation of the small intestines
enteritis
139
inflammation of the diverticulum or intestinal hernia
diverticulitis
140
inflammation of the colon
colitis
141
longest division of the large intestines
colon
142
types of colitis
amebiculcerative (psychosomatic disorder)
143
inflammation of the rectum
proctitis
144
inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonitis
145
membrane which surrounds the abdominal viscera
peritoneum
146
inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
147
a heterocrine gland that breaks down food and releases insulin into blood to control sugar levels
pancreas
148
inflammation of the liver
hepatitis
149
inflammation of the sac containing bile or gallbladder
cholecystitis
150
inflammation of one or more of the bile ducts
cholangitis
151
inflammation of the vermiform appendix
appendicitis
152
snakelike
vermiform
153
Types of inflammation in the Genital & Urinary System
Pyelitis Pyelonephritis Glomerulonephritis Ureteritis Cystitis Urethritis Orchitis Prostatitis Oophoritis Salpingitis Endometritis Endocervicitis Vaginitis
154
inflammation of the renal pelvis.
Pyelitis
155
inflammation of the structural and functional unit of the kidney caused by pyogenic bacteria.
Pyelonephritis
156
inflammation of the Vagina or birth canal.
Vaginitis
157
inflammation of the endocervic
Endocervicitis
158
the inner most layer of the lower neck structure of the cervix.
endocervic
159
pus forming
pyogenic
160
inflammation of the little tufted capillaries of the structural and functional unit of the kidneys.
Glomerulonephritis
161
little tufted capillaries of kidneys
(glomerulus)
162
inflammation of the tube that urine between the kidney and urinary bladder conveys.
Ureteritis
163
inflammation of the urinary bladder.
Cystitis
164
inflammation of the endometrium, the inner most or vascular layer of the uterus
Endometritis
165
inflammation of one or both of the fallopian tubes.
Salpingitis
166
inflammation of the single tube that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body.
Urethritis
167
inflammation of one or both of the male gonads (testis).
Orchitis
168
inflammation of the prostate gland.
Prostatitis
169
inflammation of one or both of the ovaries (female sex gland).
Oophoritis
170
types of inflammation of the Cardiovascular System
pericarditismyocarditisendocarditisarteritisphlebitisthrombophlebitis
171
- inflammation of the vein caused by an attached blood clot during life.
Thrombophlebitis
172
- inflammation of the vein.
Phlebitis
173
- inflammation of the artery
Arteritis
174
what can cause arteritis
angiograms
175
inflammation of the pericardium
Pericarditis
176
the sack surrounding the heart.
pericardium
177
inflammation of the muscle layer of the heart.
Myocarditis
178
- inflammation of the inner most layer of the heart. The heart valves are made from this tissue.
Endocarditis
179
types of inflammation of the Skin and Skeletomuscular System
dermatitisbursitisosteomyelitisarthritis
180
inflammation of the skin - contact delayed reaction.
Dermatitis
181
inflammation of the bursa
Bursitis
182
- the tiny sac filled with a lubricant for the joints.
bursa
183
- inflammation of the sponge bone and marrow.
Osteomyelitis
184
- inflammation of the joints.
Arthritis
185
types of inflammation of the Lymphatic System
tonsillitislymphangitis
186
- inflammation of the lymph vessel.
Lymphangitis
187
-inflammation of the one or more of the three sets of tonsils. Tissue between the mouth and throat.
Tonsillitis
