3rd Quarter Pathology Test 5 Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
Predisposing factors of diseases of the heart & blood vessels
A
- Heredity
- Obesity5
- Diabetes
- Elevated cholesterol levels
- Social factors
2
Q
condition or factors that make a person more susceptible to a disease.
A
Predisposing factors
3
Q
Social factors regarding predisposing factors…
A
a) Smoking
b) Substance abuse
c) Stress - type A personality
d) Diet
4
Q
Types of Heart conditions….
A
- Dilatation
- Hypertrophy
- Endocarditis
- Valvular defects
- Pericarditis
- Myocarditis
- Rheumatic heart disease
- Coronary artery disease
- Cardiac failure
- Myocardial infarcation
- Hypertensive heart disease
- Cardiomyopathy
- Carditis
5
Q
Dilatation used as a verb…
A
dilation
6
Q
usually a temporary condition…INCREASE in the LENGTH or STRETCHING of heart muscle fibers.
A
dilatation
7
Q
usually a permanent condition…INCREASE in size of the heart muscle by an INCREASE in the SIZE of the heart cells itself.
A
hypertrophy
8
Q
inflammation of the endocardium
A
endocarditis
9
Q
inner most layer of the heart…the layer of the heart in which heart valves are made.
A
endocardium
10
Q
Types of Valvular Defects…
A
- insufficiency
- stenosis
- prolapse
11
Q
incompetence…failure of a heart valve to close or seat properly.
A
insufficiency
12
Q
narrowing…a reduction or narrowing in the size of the opening controlled by a heart valve.
A
stenosis
13
Q
weakening…(collapse) in the wall of a heart cusp making up a heart valve.
A
prolapse
14
Q
inflammation of the pericardium
A
pericarditis
15
Q
sac surrounding the heart
A
pericardium
16
Q
inflammation of the myocaredium
A
myocarditis
17
Q
muscle layer of the heart
A
myocardium
18
Q
this heart disease is CONTAGIOUS…caused by Streptococcus Pyogenes and Ashoff bodies.
A
Rheumatic heart disease
19
Q
a strict pathogen
A
streptococcus pyogenes
20
Q
scar tissue which form in persons who recover from the childhood disease rheumatic fever
A
ashoff bodies
21
Q
a disease affecting the coronary arteries
A
coronary artery disease
22
Q
disease of the major vascular system of the body that conveys blood…Veins, Arteries, & Capillaries
A
blood vessel disease
23
Q
inflammation of the arteries
A
arteritis
24
Q
hardening of the blood vessels.
A
arteriosclerosis
25
This is a CHRONIC or slowly progressive disease. The late stage of hardening of the arteries. Seen mostly in the femoral arteries.
Arteriosclerosis
26
Diseases of the THE BLOOD VESSELS
1. Arteritis
2. Arteriosclerosis
3. Aneurysm
4. Phlebitis
5. Varicose veins
27
weakness in the wall of an artery...found mostly at the splitting of OR just above the bifurcation of the Abdominal Aorta.
Aneurysm
28
inflammation of a vein
phlebitis
29
dilated or engorged superficial veins. Can NOT be surgically removed
varicose veins
30
varicose veins are also called...
varices
31
this is the earlier stage of hardening of the arteries that have the presence or formation of ATHEROMAS.
Atherosclerosis
32
fatty plaques
Atheromas
33
tends to form in Tortuous Arteries...
atherosclerosis
34
arteries that can quickly change the volume of blood flow that is flowing through them in a short period of time.
tortuous arteries
35
Atherosclerosis are related to all of the following PER OUR NOTES
*****
Coronary Arteries
| Cerebral Arterial Arteries (circle of willis)
36
Inflammation of vein due to the presence of an attached blood clot
Thrombophlebitis
37
most patients with thrombophlebitis are put on...
blood thinners
38
Types of CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
1. Thrombosis
2. Spasms
3. Embolism
39
the presence of an attached blood clot during life in the coronary arteries
thrombosis
40
the presence of a free floating object in the blood stream
embolism
41
abnormal contraction of the heart muscle
spasms
42
spasms can also be called...
fibrillation
43
Groups of diseases of the blood
Reactive Change
Anemia
Hemopoietic disorders
Bleeding disorders
44
Types of Reactive Changes in diseases of the blood
1. Leukocytosis
| 2. Leukopenia
45
a SUDDEN and TEMPORARY INCREASE in the total number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS, as part of a natural inflammatory response-injury
Leukocytosis
46
A decrease in the total number of white blood cells due to disease.
Bone marrow not producing proper number of white blood cells.
Leukopenia
47
white blood cells...
leukocytes
48
The biggest cause of LEUKOPENIA is ___________________ not producing the proper number of ______________________.
Bone marrow
| White blood cells
49
a DECREASE in the total number of RED BLOOD cells, hemoglobin, or both.
anemia
50
this literally means, the absence of or lack of blood
anemia
51
Types of Anemia
1. Primary
| 2. Secondary
52
a previously existing condition which causes anemia
secondary anemia
53
example of secondary anemia
leukemia
54
the first disease by which a person is diagnosed
primary anemia
55
formation of all blood cells that occurs in the bone marrow
hemopoiesis
56
type of hemopoietic disorders
1. Leukemia
| 2. Polycythemia vera
57
Cancer of the blood - a malignant tumor of the blood forming organs characterized by excess production of improperly functioning white blood cells.
leukemia
58
A disease in which a person is producing excess numbers of red blood cells or erythrocytes.
This causes blood to become thicker or increase viscosity which reduces the blood flow and increases the tendency to form clots.
Polycythemia vera
59
Polycythemia vera is also known as...
erythrocytosis
60
types of bleeding disorders
1. Hemophilia
2. Purpura
3. Thrombocytopenia
61
(an affinity for blood) Bleeders disease, a hereditary disease in male offspring characterized by the absence of an essential clotting factor. (factor 8)
hemophilia
62
Widespread hemorrhage, loss of blood scattered throughout the body.
Purpura
63
Decrease in the total number of thrombocytes or platelets due to disease. Thrombocytes initiates the clotting process.
Thrombocytopenia
64
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas which has as it’s purpose the breakdown of foods and liquids into useful soluble substances for distribution to the bloodstream throughout the body.
Accessory organs of digestion
65
specific diseases of the digestive system
1. Inflammatory/degenerative
2. Genetic/developmental
3. Obstruction
66
types of inflammatory/degenerative diseases
1. gingivitis
2. pharyngitis
3. esophagitis
4. gastritis
5. peptic ulcer
6. enteritis
7. colitis
8. appendicitis
9. hemorrhoids
10. hepatitis
11. cirrhosis
12. cholecystitis
13. choletithaiasis
14. cholangitis
15. pancreatitis
16. peritonitis
17. diverticulosis
67
Inflammation of the gums
Gingivitis
68
Inflammation of the pharynx - a sore throat
Pharyngitis
69
Inflammation of the muscular tube which conveys food from the throat to the stomach through the esophagus.
Esophagitis
70
example of esophagitis
bilemia
71
Inflammation of the stomach.
Gastritis
72
A localized area of necrotic epithelia (dead tissue) caused by the action of the enzyme pepsin.
Peptic ulcer
73
dead tissue
necrotic epithelia
74
a digestive enzyme
pepsin
75
where are peptic ulcers commonly found?
stomach or duodenum
76
Inflammation of the small intestine.
enteritis
77
Inflammation of one or more divisions of the colon. The colon is the longest division of the large intestines.
colitis
78
types of colitis
1. amebic
| 2. ulcerative
79
inflammation of the longest division of the large intestine characterized by several localized areas of dead epithelial.
ulcerative colitis
80
a microscopic animal that has invaded and actively multiplying in the colon
amebic colitis
81
inflammation of the vermiform appendix, attached to the cecum
appendicitis
82
snakelike structure
vermiform
83
ulcerative colitis is a __________ disease
psychosomatic
84
self induced disease
psychosomatic disease
85
cure for ulcerative colitis...
coloscomy
86
pus in the pleural cavity
empyema
87
leading cause of death in 1900s
TB
88
an allergic disease in which a person has to be exposed to twice...can attack any part of the body but usually attacks the lungs.
TB
89
TB of the lungs is called...
pulmonary TB
90
most lethal form of TB
miliary TB
91
a group of a lung diseases caused by prolonged inhalation of a single foreign substance.
CONFIRM DEFINITION
Pneumoconoses
92
???????? definition coal miners disease or black lung disease.
Anthracosis
93
caused by excess exposure to silica...inside ash trays of buildings & seen in occupation of sandblasting.
Silicosis
94
caused by the prolonged inhalation of asbestos. Ex: Roofers
Asbestosis
95
failure of the lung tissue to expand at birth
Atelectasis in INFANTS
96
the collapse of a lung due to complete bronchial obstruction
Atelectasis in ADULTS
97
over distention or rupture of the alveoli in the lungs caused by a partial or incomplete bronchial obstruction.
Emphysema
98
localized collection of pus in the lungs. Usually bacterial in nature.
lung abscess
99
commonly called a collapsed lung
Atelectasis in ADULTS
100
histoplasmosis is what type of disease
systemic Fungal disease
101
tiny air sacs in the lungs
alveoli
102
ring worm is what type of disease
superficial fungal disease
103
fungal disease classifications
superficial
| systemic
104
failure of the roof of the mouth to close or form completely
cleft lip/palate
105
cleft lip/palate is commonly called
hare palate
106
Types of Genetic/developmental diseases
Cleft lip/palate
| Cystic fibrosis
107
over secretion of an excessively thick mucus forming in the lower respiratory tract.
cystic fibrosis
108
cystic fibrosis is what type of disease?
hereditary
109
patients usually die from cystic fibrosis due to what reason....
the mucus so thick that even if they cough the substance blocks breathing.
110
Obstructive diseases of the respiratory tract.
airway obstruction
| COPD
111
an obstruction within the air passageway
choking
112
an obstruction from outside the breathing tube
asphyxia & suffocation
113
COPD stands for...
chronic obstruction pulmonary disease
114
ex of COPD
chronic bronchitis
| emphysema
115
postmortem conditions of diseases of the respiratory tract
1. Cyanosis
2. Emaciation
3. Edema
4. Hemorrhage
5. Caviation
116
a reddish-blue discoloration seen tissues- caused by lack of oxygen.
cyanosis
117
loss of tissue. Most noticeable in the face and temporal region.
emaciation
118
excess fluid in pleural cavity or thoracic cavity
| gives the body a barrel-shaped chest appearance
hydrothorax/pleural effusion
119
examples of edema in postmortem conditions
hydrothorax
| pleural effusion
120
loss of blood
hemorrhage
121
blood in the septum (phlem)...will see clotted during cavity treatment
hemoptosis
122
presence or formation of spaces or cavities in the lung tissue
cavitation
123
most common heart valve where valvular defects take place and why?
Mitral valve, because of its structure...only heart valve that has two distinct sections or cusps making it up
124
note that...
congestive heart failure- Usually occurs in adulthood. In adults the persons heart was not beating as fast as it should; swollen ankles are indicative of CHF; children- generally a result of improper structural changes that fail to occur at birth or shortly thereafter.
125
Death of heart muscle tissue caused by interference in blood supply. Commonly known as a heart attack; it could be mild (dead muscle tissue but not enough to kill the person).
myocardial infarction
126
hypertension or high blood pressure caused by a diseases of the heart. (Give patient a diuretic)
hypertensive heart disease
127
a disease of the heart muscle; can be born with this. If diagnosed early enough, the patient would be a candidate for a heart transplant)
cardiomyopathy
128
end stage of liver disease; in which the normal/ healthy liver cells are replaced by the surrounding supporting cells; are candidates for a liver transplant; appearance little bumps on the surface of the liver called a hob nail liver
Cirrhosis
129
dilated or engorged veins; located around the anal canal; can be internal or external (risk or danger is blood loss; blood in the stool “Melina”)
Hemorrhoids
130
inflammation of the liver (3types) would like to suffer from type A if diagnosed; vaccine to help with immunity;
Hepatitis
131
inflammation of the sac containing bile; inflammation of the gallbladder
Choleystitis
132
the presence or formation of cholelithis; referred to as gall stones
Cholelithiasis-
133
Inflammation of one or more of the bile ducts
Cholangitis-
134
inflammation of the pancreas; false membrane will form around the pancreas (heterocrine gland) causing blockage of the pancreatic duct by a gallstone (most lethal form of cancer)
Pancreatitis-
135
inflammation of the perineum; largest serous membranes (the membrane which lines the abdominal viscera/ organs)
Peritonitis-
136
the presence of one or more an intestinal hernia also referred to as diverticula/ diverticulum a weakness of the wall of the large intestine;
Diverticulosis-
137
a narrowing in the size of the opening controlled by the pyloric valve of the stomach, circular shaped valve that controls the passing of food from the stomach to the small intestines
Pyloric stenosis
138
Specific diseases of the digestive system *****Genetic/developmental*******
1. Pyloric Stenosis
| 2. Hernia
139
abnormal protrusion of a body part of organ into an area where it’s not normally found;
Hernia
140
the stomach protruding into the thoracic cavity
Heiatel hernia
141
blockage within the digestive system; blocks the flow of food
Obstruction
142
types of Obstruction concerning the digestive system
1. Bile duct-
2. Volvulus-
3. Intussuception
4. Adhesioins
143
obstruction or blockage due to gallstones
bile duct
144
obstruction or blockage due to a twisting of the intestines
volvulus
145
obstruction or blockage; telescoping of the intesitnes
intussecption
146
Obstruction or Blockage; scar tissue which form due to a previous disease or from surgery
adhesion
147
a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system; the evacuation of any substance after death.
purge
148
a postmortem condition caused by disease of the digestive system; this will call more blood clots
rapid coagilation of blood
149
Specific diseases of the respiratory tract Inflammatory/degenerative.......the infection or inflammation of lung tissue itself.
pneumonia
150
3 types of pneumonia
lobar
bronchial
viral
151
a type of pneumonia; infection confined to one or more lobes of the lung tissue.
lobar pneumonia
152
a type of pneumonia; infection of the lung tissue that began in the bronchi.
bronchial pneumonia
153
Postmortem conditions associated with the diseases of the respiratory systemthe presence or formation of spaces or cavities in the lung tissue. Seen in patients with TB.
caviation
