Pathology Exam 3

Question 1

A circulatory disturbance

A disease in which a person has excess amounts of tissue fluid present in the body

Answer 1

Edema (Dropsy)

Question 2

substance which bathes and surrounds the body cells.

Answer 2

Tissue fluids

Question 3

causes of edema

Answer 3

a. Increased permeability of the capillaries. The capillaries are allowing too much fluid in and not enough out. The cells are swelling.
b. Increased capillary pressure due to venous obstruction or heart failure.
c. Inflammatory conditions - due to injury.
d. Fluid / electrolyte problems – post surgical problems

Question 4

Examples of edema

Answer 4

Anasarca 
Ascites
Hydrothorax 
Hydropericardium 
Hydrocele 
Hydro-cephalus

Question 5

Type of edema

generalized edema – edema scattered throughout the entire body

Answer 5

Anasarca

Question 6

Type of edema

excess tissue fluid in the abdominal cavity or peritoneal cavity.

Answer 6

Ascites

Question 7

Type of edema

excess tissue fluid in the thoracic or plural cavity.

Answer 7

Hydrothorax

Question 8

Type of edema

excess tissue fluid in the sack that surrounds the heart.

Answer 8

Hydropericardium

Question 9

Type of edema

excess fluid or edema of a sacculated cavity. Affects the scrotum in males

Answer 9

Hydrocele

Question 10

Type of edema
excess fluid in the cranial cavity - water on the brain. Affects the nervous system. Most commonly reported more in children than adults.

Answer 10

Hydro-cephalus

Question 11

A circulatory disturbance

excess blood in a body part or organ

Answer 11

Hyperemia (congestion)

Question 12

types of hyperemia

Answer 12

Physiological hyperemia
Pathological hyperemia
Active hyperemia
Passive hyperemia

Question 13

types of hyperemia

e.g., blushing - excess blood in a body part or organ due to increased functional demand.

Answer 13

Physiological hyperemia

Question 14

types of hyperemia

e.g., cyanosis - excess blood in a body part or organ due to disease

Answer 14

Pathological hyperemia

Question 15

types of hyperemia

excess blood in a body part or organ brought there by the arteries

Answer 15

Active hyperemia

Question 16

types of hyperemia
excess blood in a body part or organ due to venous obstruction, an obstruction which is present in the veins. Passive hyperemia is always pathologic.

Answer 16

Passive hyperemia

Question 17

reddish blue discoloration seen in the tissues due to lack of oxygen

Answer 17

Cyanosis

Question 18

a circulatory disturbance

a reduction in the arterial blood supply to a body part or organ

Answer 18

Ischemia

Question 19

the most common cause of ischemia is?

Answer 19

the presence of an attached blood clot present in an artery.

Question 20

if left untreated, what is the effect of ischemia?

Answer 20

death - infarction (death of tissue due to interference of blood supply).

Question 21

a circulatory disturbance

the process by which there is the presence of an attached blood clot during life.

Answer 21

Thrombosis

Question 22

single blood clot

Answer 22

Thrombus

Question 23

two or more blood clots

Answer 23

Thrombi

Question 24

causes of thrombosis (4)

Answer 24

a. Injuries to blood vessels.
b. Slower or reduced rate of blood flow.
c. Alterations in blood composition.
d. Blood diseases - becoming thin from within such as leukemia.

Question 25

locations of thrombi

Answer 25

a. Veins b. Arteries c. chambers of the heart

Question 26

the most common site for thrombi

Answer 26

veins

Question 27

thrombi in the lower extremities would cause

Answer 27

DVT | deep vein thrombosis

Question 28

the least common site for thrombi

Answer 28

chambers of the heart

Question 29

the chambers of the heart is the least common site for thrombi. Why?

Answer 29

they were shipped to the heart from another part of the body

Question 30

when a thrombi changes location it becomes?

Answer 30

mural

Question 31

a thrombi becoming mural (or changing location) is the greatest risk because?

Answer 31

the attached blood clot has become infected, and once it becomes infected, it will spread

Question 32

consequences of thrombi depend on what?

Answer 32

where it is located

Question 33

a consequence of thrombosis | thrombosis present in the artery – causes reduction in arterial blood supply. Restricts blood flow

Answer 33

ischemia

Question 34

the most common consequence of thrombosis. Present in the vein.

Answer 34

Passive hyperemia

Question 35

a consequence of thrombosis | death of the tissue caused by interference in blood supply - ischemic necrosis + putrefaction

Answer 35

gangrene

Question 36

a circulatory disturbance | the process by which there is a free floating object in the blood stream during life.

Answer 36

Embolism

Question 37

a single free floating object in the blood during life

Answer 37

embolus

Question 38

one or more objects in the blood during life

Answer 38

emboli

Question 39

types of embolism

Answer 39

a. Fragments of thrombi b. Bacteria c. Tumors d. Animal parasites e. Fat f. Gas g. Foreign bodies

Question 40

types of embolism | a clot that detaches or breaks off. The most common type of an embolism.

Answer 40

Fragments of thrombi

Question 41

types of embolism | present in the blood stream during life. Blood poisoning

Answer 41

Bacteria

Question 42

types of embolism swelling; an abnormal growth. Malignant or non-malignant. Begins as free floating in the blood stream. Spread by the blood or lymph system.

Answer 42

Tumors

Question 43

types of embolism | free floating in the blood stream.

Answer 43

Animal parasites

Question 44

types of embolism | fat cells free floating in the blood stream.

Answer 44

Fat

Question 45

types of embolism | air free floating in the blood stream.

Answer 45

gas

Question 46

types of embolism | small pieces of glass or metal free floating in the blood stream.

Answer 46

Foreign bodies

Question 47

Consequences of embolism

Answer 47

a. Ischemia - reduction in arterial blood supply. b. Infarction - localized area of dead tissue caused by interference of blood supply. c. Spread of infection or neoplasm (new growth). d. Necrosis - dead tissue, i.e. heart.

Question 48

a circulatory disturbance loss of blood from the vascular system. A human can lose no more than half (1/2) without irreversible damage or death.

Answer 48

hemorrhage

Question 49

Methods of hemorrhage

Answer 49

Rhexis or Diapedesis

Question 50

loss of blood by rupture of a blood vessel. Rupture of one of the chambers of the heart

Answer 50

rhexis

Question 51

loss of blood by squeezing through the pores of the capillaries

Answer 51

Diapedesis

Question 52

Causes of hemorrhage

Answer 52

a. Trauma - wound or injury b. Vascular diseases of the blood vessels c. Hypertension - high blood pressure d. Blood diseases - plethora - excess amount of circulating blood

Question 53

``` Related terms (3) Size of the hemorrhage ```

Answer 53

Petechia Echymosis Hematoma

Question 54

pinpoint hemorrhages;, smallest of the hemorrhages in terms of size; commonly seen in cancer patients (think of petite)

Answer 54

Petechia

Question 55

medium sized hemorrhage (bruise or black and blue spot). Most famous sites- long term IV or a shiner (black eye)

Answer 55

Echymosis

Question 56

a tumor like mass of lost blood. Largest of the hemorrhages in terms of size (Pool of blood such as a gun shot wound). (hema-huge-largest)

Answer 56

Hematoma

Question 57

Location of the hemorrhage (10)

Answer 57

``` Epistaxis Hemoptysis Hematemesis Melena Hemothorax Hemoperitoneum Hematuria Exsanguination Hemopericardium Hemophilia ```

Question 58

Location of the hemorrhage | nose bleed, blood coming from the nasal cavity

Answer 58

Epistaxis

Question 59

Location of the hemorrhage | blood brought up in sputum from the respiratory tract. (Emphysema)

Answer 59

Hemoptysis

Question 60

Location of the hemorrhage | vomiting of blood. Blood in the vomit from the digestive tract.

Answer 60

Hematemesis

Question 61

Location of the hemorrhage the presence of blood in feces (the stool.) Intestinal tract, the stool color changes from brown to black. (Colon cancer, diverticulitis)

Answer 61

Melena

Question 62

Location of the hemorrhage | the presence of blood in the thoracic cavity or plural cavity.

Answer 62

Hemothorax

Question 63

Location of the hemorrhage | the presence of blood in the peritoneal cavity or abdominal cavity.

Answer 63

Hemoperitoneum

Question 64

Location of the hemorrhage | the presence of blood in the urine or urinary tract, urinary tract infection.

Answer 64

Hematuria

Question 65

Location of the hemorrhage massive loss of blood which usually results in death or irreversible damage. The body cannot loose more than 1/2 of the blood volume, without death or irreversible damage

Answer 65

Exsanguination

Question 66

Location of the hemorrhage | excess blood in the sack surrounding the heart.

Answer 66

Hemopericardium

Question 67

Location of the hemorrhage an affinity for blood. The bleeder’s disease. A heredity disease only found in males characterized by the absence or a deficiency of an essential clotting factor, factor 8.

Answer 67

Hemophilia

Question 68

Postmortem conditions in regards to circulatory disturbances

Answer 68

1. Diminished circulation 2. Abscesses 3. Hemorrhages 4. Emaciation/ Dehydration 5. Rapid decomposition 6. Discoloration Intravascular and/or extravascular.

Question 69

diminished circulation postmortem is due to

Answer 69

the hardening of the arteries

Question 70

a postmortem circulatory disturbance | localized collection of pus

Answer 70

abscess

Question 71

occurring postmortem | massive loss of blood can cause generalized circulatory shock.

Answer 71

hemorrhages

Question 72

the wasting away or loss of tissue

Answer 72

emaciation

Question 73

loss of moisture from the body.

Answer 73

dehydration

Question 74

postmortem hypostasis which causes livor mortis (reddish blue discoloration) which is an intravascular blood discoloration. Can be usually removed by embalming.

Answer 74

******

Question 75

blood discoloration after death outside the intravascular system. This is a cosmetic problem.

Answer 75

extravascular

Question 76

National board question: What is considered the most permanent blood discoloration?

Answer 76

Post mortem extravascular (post mortem stain)