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Comps Sciences > 3rd Quarter Embalming 2 Test 1 > Flashcards

3rd Quarter Embalming 2 Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

They are injected to disinfect, temporarily preserve and restore the dead human body without causing objectionable change in the tissues.

A

Vascular (arterial) fluids

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2
Q

Generally classified by index: (the number of grams of formaldehyde gas dissolved in 100 ml of water; usually given in a percentage).

A

Vascular (arterial) fluids

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3
Q

Arterial fluid classification by index

A

StrongMediumWeak

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4
Q

Having an index of 28 - 36. Causes a rapid tissue coagulation.Causes a definite degree of firmness, used most often on “special cases.” (decomposition, edema, outgoing, drowning, etc.)37% by weight and 40 % by volume

A

Strong (high)

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5
Q

Having an index of 19 - 27.Sometimes referred to as semi-firming or cosmetic fluid. (Oil based / cosmetic fluid).Results in a moderate firming of tissues. Normal Cases

A

Medium (cosmetic arterial fluid)

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6
Q

Any fluid with an index of 10 - 18. Produces a minimum firmness of tissues.Infant cases or adults 80 lbs or less.An index of 8 is the lowest that it would go.

A

Weak

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7
Q

Chemical which inactivates saprophytic bacteria, renders unsuitable for nutrition the media upon which bacteria thrive, and which will arrest decomposition by altering enzymes of the body as well as converting the decomposable tissue to a form less susceptible to decomposition.

A

PRESERVATIVE

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8
Q
  1. Inactivated the chemical group of proteins (muscles)2. Inhibits further decomposition3. Inactivates some enzymes4. Kills some microorganisms – not all5. Destroys odorsThese are actions or methods of __________
A

preservative chemicals:

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9
Q

General formula (R-CHO) common name Formaldehyde.

A

Aldehydes

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10
Q

HCHO or CH 2 0In its free state it is a gas – soluble in water which forms a formula. Water is the universal solvent. Every solvent has a different saturation rate.

A

Formaldehyde (methanol)

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11
Q

Colorless gasHas an irritating and unpleasant odor – pungent Freely soluble in water Combines with tissue protein Is a MONOALDEHYDE (one functional aldehyde group; H-“CHO”)These are characteristics of ___________

A

formaldehyde

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12
Q

Formaldehyde is produced by the

A

partial oxidation of methylalcohol (methanol)

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13
Q

a dehydrating chemical

A

formaldehyde

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14
Q

another member of the formaldehyde family that consists of two functional aldehyde grouops

A

Gluteraldehyde

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15
Q

Gluteraldehyde is classified as a…..

A

dialdehyde

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16
Q

Gluteraldehyde reacts with…..

A

protein over a wide pH range

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17
Q

Rigor mortis is a post mortem chemical change with a pH of….

A

5

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18
Q

general formula R-OH with name ending in “-OL”

A

alcohols

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19
Q

Two members of the alcohol family

A

Methyl alcoholEthyalcohol

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20
Q

Methanol or wood alcohol

A

Methyl alcohol

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21
Q

Used commercially to manufacture formaldehydeAntipolymerizing agent (Added to prevent poloritization)

A

Methyalcohol

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22
Q

(ethanol or grain alcohol)

A

Ethyalcohol

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23
Q

obtained by the distillation of coal tar. Formula:

A

Phenol

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24
Q

uses of Phenol in the prep room

A

cauterizerbleaching agent

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25
Q

phenol when used to prevent leakage on embalmed bodies would be a…..

A

cauterizer

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26
Q

phenol when injected, not used as a surface application would be a….

A

bleaching agent

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27
Q

Chemicals added for the purpose of destroying disease causing microorganisms.

A

Supplementary GERMICIDES

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28
Q

2 examples of supplementary germicides

A

Glutaraldehyde Quaternary ammonium compounds

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29
Q

better disinfectant used as a supplementary germicide.

A

Glutaraldehyde

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30
Q

agents that are usually used for disinfection of skin, oral, nasal cavities, and instruments.EXAMPLES: Benzalkonium Chloride & Zephrian Chloride

A

Quaternary ammonium compounds

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31
Q

Chemicals which retard the tendency of blood to become more viscous by natural postmortem processes or prevent adverse reactions between blood and other embalming chemicals.

A

ANTICOAGULANTS

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32
Q

This process is primarily accomplished by breaking down the calcium in the blood and water. Also known as water conditioners or water softeners. These chemicals help keep blood in a liquid state.

A

ANTICOAGULANTS

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33
Q

Examples of anticoagulants:

A

Sodium citrateSodium salt of EDTA

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34
Q

EDTA stands for….

A

EthylenediaminetetrasodiumacetateNOT FOR TESTING PURPOSES

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35
Q

Has dual purpose in the embalming process. White, odorless, crystalline or granular material is often used for its anticoagulation. This compound inactivates calcium in the blood as well as in the water supply. W/O calcium, blood coagulation does not occur.

A

Sodium citrate

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36
Q

2nd chemical that has dual purpose in the embalming process. Very effective sequestering or chelating agents, means – they are readily combined with calcium ions to prevent blood coagulation and also to remove hardness chemicals from the water supply.

A

Sodium salt of EDTA

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37
Q

Liquids that serve as a solvent for the numerous ingredients that are incorporated into embalming fluids.They must serve as the carrier of the components found in the arterial solution.

A

vehicle

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38
Q

The most common vehicle used for embalming chemicals is ____________

A

water

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39
Q

________ will also serve as a _______.

A

alcoholsvehicle

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40
Q

any solution in which alcohol is the vehicle is known as a _____.

A

tincture

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41
Q

most common use of alcohol as a vehicle would be ____________

A

cavity fluid

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42
Q

Chemicals having the capability of displacing an unpleasant odor or of altering an unpleasant odor so that it is converted to a more pleasant odor.

A

PERFUMING AGENTS OR MASKING AGENTS

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43
Q

Examples of perfuming agents

A

Methylsalicylate (oil of wintergreen)Benzaldehyde (oil of almonds)Oil of sassafrasOil of cloves

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44
Q

Perfuming agents _______________ the effects that formaldehyde has on the operator.

A

do not eliminate

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45
Q

Substances which will, upon being dissolved, impart a definite color to the embalming solution and/or tissues.

A

DYES (coloring agents)

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46
Q

Classifications of Dyes (coloring agents)

A

Cosmetic (active)Non-cosmetic (inactive)

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47
Q

will impart a color to the body tissue

A

cosmetic dye (active)

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48
Q

will stain the concentrated arterial fluid

A

non-cosmetic dye (inactive)

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49
Q

examples of dyes

A
  1. Eosin - red2. Ponceau red - red3. Erythrosine - brown-red tint.
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50
Q

A chemical that reduces the molecular cohesion of a liquid so that it can flow through smaller apertures.

A

surfactants

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51
Q

surfactants are also called…

A

surface tension reducerswetting agentssurface active agents

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52
Q

Surfactants are used in __________________________

A

promoting fluid diffusion

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53
Q

chemicals in dishwashing detergents that prevent spots on glasses

A

surfactants

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54
Q

example of surfactants

A

Sulfonate oils

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55
Q

An example of sulfonate oils is what?

A

sodium lauryl sulfate (coconut oil)

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56
Q

This is the 2nd definition for___________.Chemicals which control the rate and extent of the embalming operation.

A

Modifying Agents

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57
Q

Types of modifying agents

A

humectantsbuffers

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58
Q

A chemical that increases the ability of embalmed tissue to retain moisture (chemical that helps to control dehydration)

A

Humectants (moisture retainers)

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59
Q

examples of buffers

A

Boraxcitrates sodium salt of EDTA sodium phosphates

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60
Q

Chemicals used as humectants:

A

a. Glycerol – thick substance, Contains 3 OH b. Sorbitol- Contains 5 OH c. Lanolin’s – emollient, massage stuff, liquid based.d. Glycols – has 2 OH groups – active ingredients in radiator fluid.

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61
Q

Name 3 chemicals used as humectants that are part of the alcohol family.

A

GlycerolSorbitolGlycols

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62
Q

Chemicals that will affect the acid-base balance (pH) within embalming solutions and in the embalmed tissue.

A

Buffers

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63
Q
  1. Preservatives (alcohols, aldehydes, phenol)2. Germicides3. Vehicle (primarily alcohols)4. Perfuming agentsThis is the composition of _____________
A

cavity fluid

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64
Q

reduces the hardening and graying action of formaldehyde

A

borax

65
Q
  1. Anticoagulants2. Surfactants3. Humectants4. Vehicle (primarily water)5. Water conditioning agents5. Contain NO preservatives (very little, if any)These are components of ______________
A

pre-injection fluids

66
Q

What are the two uses of Sodium citrate and Sodium salt of EDTA?

A

AnticoagulantsBuffers

67
Q

Bleaching agentsHigh concentration of dyeLow formaldehyde (HCHO) contentThese are components of _____________

A

jaundice fluids

68
Q

Formulated to produce maximum disinfection and preservation with a minimum amount of fluid.

A

CAVITY FLUIDS

69
Q

Plaster of Paris - dehydrating agentParaformaldehyde - disinfectantWood powder - moisture absorbentThese are compositions of __________

A

hardening compounds

70
Q

Fluid injected primarily to prepare the vascular system and body tissues for the injection of the preservative vascular solution. These fluids will also help keep the blood in a liquid state.

A

PRE-INJECTION FLUIDS

71
Q

A special vascular fluid with special bleaching and coloring qualities for use on bodies with jaundice; usually with a low formaldehyde content.Most are red in color

A

JAUNDICE FLUIDS

72
Q

A chemical in powder form that has the ability to absorb moisture and has a limited amount of disinfection ability.

A

HARDENING COMPOUNDS

73
Q

pre-injection is done _________ you add any chemical that contains ______________

A

beforeformaldehyde

74
Q

This fluid contains copious (abundant) amounts of anticoagulants and very little, if any, preservatives.

A

pre-injection fluid

75
Q

a fluid(s) used primarily to supplement and enhance the action of the vascular (arterial) solution

A

co-injection fluids

76
Q

humectants (moisture retainers)buffersanticoagulants (water conditioning agent)surfactants or surface active agentsThese are types of ______________

A

modifying agents

77
Q

Types of arterial fluid preservatives…

A

aldehydesalcoholsphenolic compounds (phenol)

78
Q

supplementary germicides

A

glutaraldehydequaternary ammonium compounds (quats)

79
Q

control the rate and extent of embalming

A

modifying agents

80
Q

examples of chemicals used as humectants

A

glycolsglycerolsorbitallanolins (only one not a member of alcohol family)

81
Q

insure that regardless of what the pH is at the time of embalming, it will not affect embalming.

A

buffers (confirm this definition)

82
Q

examples of chemicals used as buffers

A

boraxsodium phosphatessodium citrate (has 2 uses)sodium salt of EDTA (has 2 uses)

83
Q

chemicals which prevent blood from clottingonly work on post-mortem clots

A

anticoagulants

84
Q

which chemicals use a dual purpose…as buffers and anticoagulants?

A

sodium citratesodium salt of EDTA

85
Q

surface active agents (wetting agents)

A

surfactants

86
Q

examples of chemicals used as surfactants

A

sulfonatesodium laurylsulfate (most common used- for testing purposes)

87
Q

dyes

A

eosinponceuerythrosine

88
Q

A chemical that reduces the molecular cohesion of a liquid so that it can flow through smallerareas

A

surfactants (get definition)

89
Q

deodorants

A

methylsalicylate benzaldehydeoils of sassafrasoil of cloves

90
Q

perfuming agents/masking agents

A

deodorant

91
Q

methylsalicylate is also called…

A

oil of wintergreen

92
Q

benzaldehyde is also called

A

oil of almonds

93
Q

vehicles

A

water alcohols

94
Q

which vehicle is most common for vascular fluids?

A

water

95
Q

which vehicle is most common for cavity fluid?

A

alcohol

96
Q

any substance that hinders/imperils life or health when absorbed into the body

A

poison

97
Q

poisonous substance produced by higher plants, animals, or bacteria that is toxic or poisonous to humans.

A

toxin

98
Q

amount of poison or radiation necessary to kill 50% or 1/2 of the group to which it has been given

A

LD-50

99
Q

LD-50 stands for…

A

lethal dose 50%,

100
Q

smallest dose of poison or radiation on record that causes death.

A

MLD

101
Q

MLD stands for…

A

Minimum Lethal Dose

102
Q

poisonous substance only released from within the cell when the organism producing it is destroyed.

A

endotoxin

103
Q

common example of endotoxin

A

meningitis

104
Q

botcholism, cholera, staph (ptomaine), food poisoning, tetanus, diphtheria are examples of….

A

exotoxin

105
Q

liquid used in liptense, external sealers, primarily used as solvents.

A

acetones

106
Q

chemicals that have the presence of at least one halogen. Group 7 element on the periodic table.

A

alkyl halides

107
Q

Common name for alkyl halides is

A

salt formers

108
Q

Common type of alkyl halides used as a disinfectant

A

Chloroform

109
Q

Common type alkyl halides used as a solvent or used as instrument disinfection

A

Carbon Tectrachloride

110
Q

used in powder form, added to jaundice fluids as active red dye

A

amaranth

111
Q

amaranth is also known as_____________

A

(red dye #2)

112
Q

white crystal solid substance, added to hardening compounds & preservative powders. Used as a herbicide

A

amitrole

113
Q

active ingredient in many disinfectants terminal disinfection used in prep-room, used to neutralize formaldehyde.

A

ammonia

114
Q

ammonia is also known as…

A

NH3

115
Q

How would you clean up a formaldehyde spill?

A

neutralize it with ammonia

116
Q

derived from a tree with the same name, acts as a key tone hazardous chemical

A

camphor

117
Q

given name because it is derived from coal tar

A

cresol (look up)

118
Q

used as a disinfectant/deodorizer air freshener

A

Cresol/Lysol (look up)

119
Q

light brown powder used as a fungicide and bactericide. it kills bacteria and fungusit can also prevent future mold growth

A

dichlorophene

120
Q

colorless liquid used as a solvent

A

diethanol amine

121
Q

colorless oily liquid used as a solvent

A

diethyl formamide

122
Q

clear liquid with fruit like odor. Sometimes used as a perfuming agent.used in sealing, clearing out layers & cavity fluids – true seal.

A

ethyl acetate

123
Q

used as anticoagulant in pre-injection or with co-injection chemicals as buffer.

A

EDTA (Sodium salt)

124
Q

in free state gas, soluble in water, used as preservative

A

formaldehyde

125
Q

colorless liquid used as solvent and bleaching agent. Acidic when less than pH 7

A

formic acid

126
Q

The most formaldehyde that can be dissolved in water?

A

37% by weight and 40% by volume in 100 milliliters of water.

127
Q

means (ant) in Latin active ingredient in fire ant bites and bee stingssubstance formed in the decomposition of formaldehyde

A

formic

128
Q

one of two supplementary germicides. a far superior disinfectant than formaldehyde.

A

glutaraldehyde

129
Q

has 5 carbon atoms, there is no standard for it.

A

glutaraldehyde

130
Q

Dihydroxy alcohols…chemicals used as humectants (moisture retainers) in embalming fluids.active ingredient in anti-freeze

A

glycols

131
Q

alcohols who have 2 OH groups used as humectants in ethylene glycols – Xerex, Prestone, Peak (antifreeze).

A

glycols

132
Q

chemical name for hypochlorites

A

sodium hypochlorite

133
Q

household name for hypochlorites

A

bleach

134
Q

never clean a cavity fluid using undiluted bleach, because it will cause ______________.Which is a harmful orange colored gas.

A

phosgene

135
Q

substance used as a propellant in aerosol spray products ex: Lysol

A

isobutane

136
Q

bleach used to clean the prep room should be diluted with ____________. ______ part bleach ___________ part water.

A

WaterOneNine

137
Q

colorless liquid similar to acetone that is used as solvent

A

methyl ethyl ketone

138
Q

used to clean cosmetic brushes

A

mineral spirits

139
Q

common names for mineral spirits….

A

turpentine and paint thinner

140
Q

injected to help rebuild where tissue has been lost.

A

nitrocellulose

141
Q

The chemical name for nitrocellulose…..

A

tissue builder

142
Q

colorless liquid used as an insecticide chemical, many embalming manufactures add to preservative powders.

A

orthodichlorobenzene

143
Q

colorless solid used as a stripping agent. pH below 7 (acidic)

A

oxalic acid

144
Q

used as mold preventative agent.

A

paradichlorobenzene – Common name is moth balls &

145
Q

white solid form of formaldehyde…major preservative used in preservative powders

A

paraformaldehyde

146
Q

Common name for paradichlorobenzene is

A

moth balls

147
Q

two primary uses in prep-room is as a cauterizing agent (prevents leakage) or bleaching agent. Do it as injection not a cavity pack where applied to skin. It is rust in color

A

phenol/phenolic compounds

148
Q

Most prep-rooms keep this in solid granular powder form, to create a cast of a broken area for restorative work.Primary hardening agent of hardening compound.

A

plaster of paris

149
Q

used as a source of power

A

propane

150
Q

common name for propane is….

A

bbq gas

151
Q

flesh colored or white color drying powder / finishing powder

A

Quartz/Talc

152
Q

quartz/talc is also known as…..

A

finishing powder

153
Q

used for supplementary germicide

A

quaternary ammonium compounds Brand names: Benzalkonium Zephrian Chloride

154
Q

colorless liquid used as solvent and in liquid cosmetics.

A

toluene `

155
Q

TNT stands for…

A

Tri nitro toluene

156
Q

A chemical in powder form; typically used for surface embalming of remains.Will help to control maggots and vermin. Usually has a high concentration of preservative - ParaformaldehydeThey do not have the absorbent and drying qualities.

A

PRESERVATIVE POWDERS

157
Q

Latin means-ant

A

formic

158
Q

disinfectant

A

paraformaldehye

159
Q

white in color, used in antipersprents dehydrating agent

A

alum

Comps Sciences (29 decks)

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