3rd Quarter Embalming 2 Test 1 Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
They are injected to disinfect, temporarily preserve and restore the dead human body without causing objectionable change in the tissues.
A
Vascular (arterial) fluids
2
Q
Generally classified by index: (the number of grams of formaldehyde gas dissolved in 100 ml of water; usually given in a percentage).
A
Vascular (arterial) fluids
3
Q
Arterial fluid classification by index
A
StrongMediumWeak
4
Q
Having an index of 28 - 36. Causes a rapid tissue coagulation.Causes a definite degree of firmness, used most often on “special cases.” (decomposition, edema, outgoing, drowning, etc.)37% by weight and 40 % by volume
A
Strong (high)
5
Q
Having an index of 19 - 27.Sometimes referred to as semi-firming or cosmetic fluid. (Oil based / cosmetic fluid).Results in a moderate firming of tissues. Normal Cases
A
Medium (cosmetic arterial fluid)
6
Q
Any fluid with an index of 10 - 18. Produces a minimum firmness of tissues.Infant cases or adults 80 lbs or less.An index of 8 is the lowest that it would go.
A
Weak
7
Q
Chemical which inactivates saprophytic bacteria, renders unsuitable for nutrition the media upon which bacteria thrive, and which will arrest decomposition by altering enzymes of the body as well as converting the decomposable tissue to a form less susceptible to decomposition.
A
PRESERVATIVE
8
Q
- Inactivated the chemical group of proteins (muscles)2. Inhibits further decomposition3. Inactivates some enzymes4. Kills some microorganisms – not all5. Destroys odorsThese are actions or methods of __________
A
preservative chemicals:
9
Q
General formula (R-CHO) common name Formaldehyde.
A
Aldehydes
10
Q
HCHO or CH 2 0In its free state it is a gas – soluble in water which forms a formula. Water is the universal solvent. Every solvent has a different saturation rate.
A
Formaldehyde (methanol)
11
Q
Colorless gasHas an irritating and unpleasant odor – pungent Freely soluble in water Combines with tissue protein Is a MONOALDEHYDE (one functional aldehyde group; H-“CHO”)These are characteristics of ___________
A
formaldehyde
12
Q
Formaldehyde is produced by the
A
partial oxidation of methylalcohol (methanol)
13
Q
a dehydrating chemical
A
formaldehyde
14
Q
another member of the formaldehyde family that consists of two functional aldehyde grouops
A
Gluteraldehyde
15
Q
Gluteraldehyde is classified as a…..
A
dialdehyde
16
Q
Gluteraldehyde reacts with…..
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protein over a wide pH range
17
Q
Rigor mortis is a post mortem chemical change with a pH of….
A
5
18
Q
general formula R-OH with name ending in “-OL”
A
alcohols
19
Q
Two members of the alcohol family
A
Methyl alcoholEthyalcohol
20
Q
Methanol or wood alcohol
A
Methyl alcohol
21
Q
Used commercially to manufacture formaldehydeAntipolymerizing agent (Added to prevent poloritization)
A
Methyalcohol
22
Q
(ethanol or grain alcohol)
A
Ethyalcohol
23
Q
obtained by the distillation of coal tar. Formula:
A
Phenol
24
Q
uses of Phenol in the prep room
A
cauterizerbleaching agent
25
phenol when used to prevent leakage on embalmed bodies would be a.....
cauterizer
26
phenol when injected, not used as a surface application would be a....
bleaching agent
27
Chemicals added for the purpose of destroying disease causing microorganisms.
Supplementary GERMICIDES
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2 examples of supplementary germicides
Glutaraldehyde Quaternary ammonium compounds
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better disinfectant used as a supplementary germicide.
Glutaraldehyde
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agents that are usually used for disinfection of skin, oral, nasal cavities, and instruments.EXAMPLES: Benzalkonium Chloride & Zephrian Chloride
Quaternary ammonium compounds
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Chemicals which retard the tendency of blood to become more viscous by natural postmortem processes or prevent adverse reactions between blood and other embalming chemicals.
ANTICOAGULANTS
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This process is primarily accomplished by breaking down the calcium in the blood and water. Also known as water conditioners or water softeners. These chemicals help keep blood in a liquid state.
ANTICOAGULANTS
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Examples of anticoagulants:
Sodium citrateSodium salt of EDTA
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EDTA stands for....
EthylenediaminetetrasodiumacetateNOT FOR TESTING PURPOSES
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Has dual purpose in the embalming process. White, odorless, crystalline or granular material is often used for its anticoagulation. This compound inactivates calcium in the blood as well as in the water supply. W/O calcium, blood coagulation does not occur.
Sodium citrate
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2nd chemical that has dual purpose in the embalming process. Very effective sequestering or chelating agents, means – they are readily combined with calcium ions to prevent blood coagulation and also to remove hardness chemicals from the water supply.
Sodium salt of EDTA
37
Liquids that serve as a solvent for the numerous ingredients that are incorporated into embalming fluids.They must serve as the carrier of the components found in the arterial solution.
vehicle
38
The most common vehicle used for embalming chemicals is ____________
water
39
________ will also serve as a _______.
alcoholsvehicle
40
any solution in which alcohol is the vehicle is known as a _____.
tincture
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most common use of alcohol as a vehicle would be ____________
cavity fluid
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Chemicals having the capability of displacing an unpleasant odor or of altering an unpleasant odor so that it is converted to a more pleasant odor.
PERFUMING AGENTS OR MASKING AGENTS
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Examples of perfuming agents
Methylsalicylate (oil of wintergreen)Benzaldehyde (oil of almonds)Oil of sassafrasOil of cloves
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Perfuming agents _______________ the effects that formaldehyde has on the operator.
do not eliminate
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Substances which will, upon being dissolved, impart a definite color to the embalming solution and/or tissues.
DYES (coloring agents)
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Classifications of Dyes (coloring agents)
Cosmetic (active)Non-cosmetic (inactive)
47
will impart a color to the body tissue
cosmetic dye (active)
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will stain the concentrated arterial fluid
non-cosmetic dye (inactive)
49
examples of dyes
1. Eosin - red2. Ponceau red - red3. Erythrosine - brown-red tint.
50
A chemical that reduces the molecular cohesion of a liquid so that it can flow through smaller apertures.
surfactants
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surfactants are also called...
surface tension reducerswetting agentssurface active agents
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Surfactants are used in __________________________
promoting fluid diffusion
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chemicals in dishwashing detergents that prevent spots on glasses
surfactants
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example of surfactants
Sulfonate oils
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An example of sulfonate oils is what?
sodium lauryl sulfate (coconut oil)
56
This is the 2nd definition for___________.Chemicals which control the rate and extent of the embalming operation.
Modifying Agents
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Types of modifying agents
humectantsbuffers
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A chemical that increases the ability of embalmed tissue to retain moisture (chemical that helps to control dehydration)
Humectants (moisture retainers)
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examples of buffers
Boraxcitrates sodium salt of EDTA sodium phosphates
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Chemicals used as humectants:
a. Glycerol – thick substance, Contains 3 OH b. Sorbitol- Contains 5 OH c. Lanolin’s – emollient, massage stuff, liquid based.d. Glycols – has 2 OH groups – active ingredients in radiator fluid.
61
Name 3 chemicals used as humectants that are part of the alcohol family.
GlycerolSorbitolGlycols
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Chemicals that will affect the acid-base balance (pH) within embalming solutions and in the embalmed tissue.
Buffers
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1. Preservatives (alcohols, aldehydes, phenol)2. Germicides3. Vehicle (primarily alcohols)4. Perfuming agentsThis is the composition of _____________
cavity fluid
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reduces the hardening and graying action of formaldehyde
borax
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1. Anticoagulants2. Surfactants3. Humectants4. Vehicle (primarily water)5. Water conditioning agents5. Contain NO preservatives (very little, if any)These are components of ______________
pre-injection fluids
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What are the two uses of Sodium citrate and Sodium salt of EDTA?
AnticoagulantsBuffers
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Bleaching agentsHigh concentration of dyeLow formaldehyde (HCHO) contentThese are components of _____________
jaundice fluids
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Formulated to produce maximum disinfection and preservation with a minimum amount of fluid.
CAVITY FLUIDS
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Plaster of Paris - dehydrating agentParaformaldehyde - disinfectantWood powder - moisture absorbentThese are compositions of __________
hardening compounds
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Fluid injected primarily to prepare the vascular system and body tissues for the injection of the preservative vascular solution. These fluids will also help keep the blood in a liquid state.
PRE-INJECTION FLUIDS
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A special vascular fluid with special bleaching and coloring qualities for use on bodies with jaundice; usually with a low formaldehyde content.Most are red in color
JAUNDICE FLUIDS
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A chemical in powder form that has the ability to absorb moisture and has a limited amount of disinfection ability.
HARDENING COMPOUNDS
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pre-injection is done _________ you add any chemical that contains ______________
beforeformaldehyde
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This fluid contains copious (abundant) amounts of anticoagulants and very little, if any, preservatives.
pre-injection fluid
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a fluid(s) used primarily to supplement and enhance the action of the vascular (arterial) solution
co-injection fluids
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humectants (moisture retainers)buffersanticoagulants (water conditioning agent)surfactants or surface active agentsThese are types of ______________
modifying agents
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Types of arterial fluid preservatives...
aldehydesalcoholsphenolic compounds (phenol)
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supplementary germicides
glutaraldehydequaternary ammonium compounds (quats)
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control the rate and extent of embalming
modifying agents
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examples of chemicals used as humectants
glycolsglycerolsorbitallanolins (only one not a member of alcohol family)
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insure that regardless of what the pH is at the time of embalming, it will not affect embalming.
buffers (confirm this definition)
82
examples of chemicals used as buffers
boraxsodium phosphatessodium citrate (has 2 uses)sodium salt of EDTA (has 2 uses)
83
chemicals which prevent blood from clottingonly work on post-mortem clots
anticoagulants
84
which chemicals use a dual purpose...as buffers and anticoagulants?
sodium citratesodium salt of EDTA
85
surface active agents (wetting agents)
surfactants
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examples of chemicals used as surfactants
sulfonatesodium laurylsulfate (most common used- for testing purposes)
87
dyes
eosinponceuerythrosine
88
A chemical that reduces the molecular cohesion of a liquid so that it can flow through smallerareas
surfactants (get definition)
89
deodorants
methylsalicylate benzaldehydeoils of sassafrasoil of cloves
90
perfuming agents/masking agents
deodorant
91
methylsalicylate is also called...
oil of wintergreen
92
benzaldehyde is also called
oil of almonds
93
vehicles
water alcohols
94
which vehicle is most common for vascular fluids?
water
95
which vehicle is most common for cavity fluid?
alcohol
96
any substance that hinders/imperils life or health when absorbed into the body
poison
97
poisonous substance produced by higher plants, animals, or bacteria that is toxic or poisonous to humans.
toxin
98
amount of poison or radiation necessary to kill 50% or 1/2 of the group to which it has been given
LD-50
99
LD-50 stands for...
lethal dose 50%,
100
smallest dose of poison or radiation on record that causes death.
MLD
101
MLD stands for...
Minimum Lethal Dose
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poisonous substance only released from within the cell when the organism producing it is destroyed.
endotoxin
103
common example of endotoxin
meningitis
104
botcholism, cholera, staph (ptomaine), food poisoning, tetanus, diphtheria are examples of....
exotoxin
105
liquid used in liptense, external sealers, primarily used as solvents.
acetones
106
chemicals that have the presence of at least one halogen. Group 7 element on the periodic table.
alkyl halides
107
Common name for alkyl halides is
salt formers
108
Common type of alkyl halides used as a disinfectant
Chloroform
109
Common type alkyl halides used as a solvent or used as instrument disinfection
Carbon Tectrachloride
110
used in powder form, added to jaundice fluids as active red dye
amaranth
111
amaranth is also known as_____________
(red dye #2)
112
white crystal solid substance, added to hardening compounds & preservative powders. Used as a herbicide
amitrole
113
active ingredient in many disinfectants terminal disinfection used in prep-room, used to neutralize formaldehyde.
ammonia
114
ammonia is also known as...
NH3
115
How would you clean up a formaldehyde spill?
neutralize it with ammonia
116
derived from a tree with the same name, acts as a key tone hazardous chemical
camphor
117
given name because it is derived from coal tar
cresol (look up)
118
used as a disinfectant/deodorizer air freshener
Cresol/Lysol (look up)
119
light brown powder used as a fungicide and bactericide. it kills bacteria and fungusit can also prevent future mold growth
dichlorophene
120
colorless liquid used as a solvent
diethanol amine
121
colorless oily liquid used as a solvent
diethyl formamide
122
clear liquid with fruit like odor. Sometimes used as a perfuming agent.used in sealing, clearing out layers & cavity fluids – true seal.
ethyl acetate
123
used as anticoagulant in pre-injection or with co-injection chemicals as buffer.
EDTA (Sodium salt)
124
in free state gas, soluble in water, used as preservative
formaldehyde
125
colorless liquid used as solvent and bleaching agent. Acidic when less than pH 7
formic acid
126
The most formaldehyde that can be dissolved in water?
37% by weight and 40% by volume in 100 milliliters of water.
127
means (ant) in Latin active ingredient in fire ant bites and bee stingssubstance formed in the decomposition of formaldehyde
formic
128
one of two supplementary germicides. a far superior disinfectant than formaldehyde.
glutaraldehyde
129
has 5 carbon atoms, there is no standard for it.
glutaraldehyde
130
Dihydroxy alcohols...chemicals used as humectants (moisture retainers) in embalming fluids.active ingredient in anti-freeze
glycols
131
alcohols who have 2 OH groups used as humectants in ethylene glycols – Xerex, Prestone, Peak (antifreeze).
glycols
132
chemical name for hypochlorites
sodium hypochlorite
133
household name for hypochlorites
bleach
134
never clean a cavity fluid using undiluted bleach, because it will cause ______________.Which is a harmful orange colored gas.
phosgene
135
substance used as a propellant in aerosol spray products ex: Lysol
isobutane
136
bleach used to clean the prep room should be diluted with ____________. ______ part bleach ___________ part water.
WaterOneNine
137
colorless liquid similar to acetone that is used as solvent
methyl ethyl ketone
138
used to clean cosmetic brushes
mineral spirits
139
common names for mineral spirits....
turpentine and paint thinner
140
injected to help rebuild where tissue has been lost.
nitrocellulose
141
The chemical name for nitrocellulose.....
tissue builder
142
colorless liquid used as an insecticide chemical, many embalming manufactures add to preservative powders.
orthodichlorobenzene
143
colorless solid used as a stripping agent. pH below 7 (acidic)
oxalic acid
144
used as mold preventative agent.
paradichlorobenzene – Common name is moth balls &
145
white solid form of formaldehyde...major preservative used in preservative powders
paraformaldehyde
146
Common name for paradichlorobenzene is
moth balls
147
two primary uses in prep-room is as a cauterizing agent (prevents leakage) or bleaching agent. Do it as injection not a cavity pack where applied to skin. It is rust in color
phenol/phenolic compounds
148
Most prep-rooms keep this in solid granular powder form, to create a cast of a broken area for restorative work.Primary hardening agent of hardening compound.
plaster of paris
149
used as a source of power
propane
150
common name for propane is....
bbq gas
151
flesh colored or white color drying powder / finishing powder
Quartz/Talc
152
quartz/talc is also known as.....
finishing powder
153
used for supplementary germicide
quaternary ammonium compounds Brand names: Benzalkonium Zephrian Chloride
154
colorless liquid used as solvent and in liquid cosmetics.
toluene `
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TNT stands for...
Tri nitro toluene
156
A chemical in powder form; typically used for surface embalming of remains.Will help to control maggots and vermin. Usually has a high concentration of preservative - ParaformaldehydeThey do not have the absorbent and drying qualities.
PRESERVATIVE POWDERS
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Latin means-ant
formic
158
disinfectant
paraformaldehye
159
white in color, used in antipersprents dehydrating agent
alum
